Hornblende
A variety of Calcium Amphibole Subgroup
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About Hornblende
Formula:
AnCa2(Z2+5-mZ3+m)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2
Name:
Named in 1789 by Abraham Gottlieb Werner from an old German term for dark minerals with no ore value and from "blende", meaning to deceive.
A commonly used informal name for dark green to black amphiboles, largely in the Hornblende Root Name Group including ferro-hornblende or magnesio-hornblende according to the current IMA nomenclature. In its informal sense, the term may also include: Edenite, Tschermakite, Hastingsite, Pargasite and many other related minerals.
In the book "Rock-forming minerals, volume 2b, double chain silicates" by Deer, Howie & Zussman (1997), the term "hornblende" is used as a group name for all aluminous amphiboles in the Calcium Amphibole Subgroup of the Amphibole Supergroup. However it is probably also used for many other amphiboles e.g. in the Sodium-Calcium Amphibole Subgroup.
In the book "Rock-forming minerals, volume 2b, double chain silicates" by Deer, Howie & Zussman (1997), the term "hornblende" is used as a group name for all aluminous amphiboles in the Calcium Amphibole Subgroup of the Amphibole Supergroup. However it is probably also used for many other amphiboles e.g. in the Sodium-Calcium Amphibole Subgroup.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1930 (as Hornblende)
29365 (as Calcium Amphibole Subgroup)
29365 (as Calcium Amphibole Subgroup)
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1930:5 (as Hornblende)
mindat:1:1:29365:1 (as Calcium Amphibole Subgroup)
mindat:1:1:29365:1 (as Calcium Amphibole Subgroup)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hbl | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hbl | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Hbl | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Hbl | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Hbl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Hbl | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Chemistry of Hornblende
Mindat Formula:
AnCa2(Z2+5-mZ3+m)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Paleoproterozoic to Quaternary : 1606 Ma to 1.53 ± 0.15 Ma - based on 28 recorded ages.
Sample ages:
| Sample ID | Recorded age | Geologic Time | Dating method |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.53 ± 0.15 Ma | Pleistocene | K-Ar |
| 2 | 11.0 ± 0.8 Ma | Miocene | 40Ar/39Ar |
| 3 | 15.0 ± 0.1 Ma | Miocene | Ar/Ar |
| 4 | 15.1 ± 0.5 Ma | Miocene | K-Ar |
| 5 | 15.8 ± 0.5 Ma | Miocene | K-Ar |
| 6 | 16.6 ± 0.8 Ma | Miocene | K-Ar |
| 7 | 16.9 ± 0.7 Ma | Miocene | K-Ar |
| 8 | 19.3 Ma | Miocene | Ar-Ar |
| 9 | 27.5 ± 3.5 to 11.1 ± 0.3 Ma | Cenozoic | K-Ar |
| 10 | 98 ± 3 Ma | Late/Upper Cretaceous | K-Ar |
| 11 | 102 to 94.8 Ma | Cretaceous | K-Ar |
| 12 | 130.8 Ma | Early/Lower Cretaceous | Ar-Ar |
| 13 | 157 ± 6 Ma | Jurassic | K-Ar |
| 14 | 178 Ma | Early Jurassic | K-Ar |
| 15 | 286.6 ± 6.7 Ma | Cisuralian | Ar–Ar |
| 16 | 301 ± 10 Ma | Pennsylvanian | K-Ar |
| 17 | 378 ± 17 Ma | Late/Upper Devonian | K-Ar |
| 18 | 534 ± 16 Ma | Terreneuvian | Rb-Sr |
| 19 | 1573 ± 5 Ma | Calymmian | Ar-Ar |
| 20 | 1606 to 1593 Ma | Proterozoic | Ar-Ar |
Sample references:
Synonyms of Hornblende
Other Language Names for Hornblende
Dutch:Hoornblende
Finnish:Sarvivälke
French:Hornblende
Hebrew:הורנבלנדה
Italian:Orneblenda
Japanese:普通角閃石
Polish:Hornblenda
Portuguese:Horneblenda
Simplified Chinese:普通角闪石
Swedish:Hornblände
Varieties of Hornblende
| Hornblende-asbestos | A fibrous variety of hornblende. See also byssolite. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 7 photos of Hornblende associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 6 photos of Hornblende associated with Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| 4 photos of Hornblende associated with Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| 4 photos of Hornblende associated with Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| 4 photos of Hornblende associated with Almandine | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 4 photos of Hornblende associated with Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| 3 photos of Hornblende associated with 'Eclogite' | |
| 3 photos of Hornblende associated with Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 3 photos of Hornblende associated with Omphacite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
| 2 photos of Hornblende associated with 'Andesine' | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Hornblende in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
- Igneous rock
- Normal crystalline igneous rock
- Coarse-grained ("plutonic") crystalline igneous rock
- Calavorite
- Orbiculite
- Granitoid
- Syenitoid
- Dioritoid
- Gabbroid
- Quartz-monzogabbro
- Monzogabbro
- Foid-bearing-monzogabbro
- Quartz-gabbro
- Gabbro
- Clinopyroxene-gabbro
- Olivine-gabbro
- Gabbronorite
- Olivine-gabbronorite
- Pyroxene-hornblende-gabbronorite
- Hornblende-gabbro
- Norite
- Clinopyroxene-norite
- Olivine-clinopyroxene norite
- Olivine-norite
- Pyroxene-hornblende-norite
- Olivine-orthopyroxene-gabbro
- Orthopyroxene-gabbro
- Pyroxene-hornblende-gabbro
- Troctolite
- Gabbrodiorite
- Leucogabbro
- Melagabbro
- Quartz-norite
- Microgabbro
- Pegmatitic gabbro
- Foid-bearing-gabbro
- Foid-bearing gabbroic-rock
- Anorthositoid
- Foid-syenitoid
- Foid-dioritoid
- Foid-gabbroid
- Foidolite
- Coarse-grained-ultramafic-rock
- Fine-grained ("volcanic") normal crystalline igneous rock
- Dolerite
- Porphyry
- Coarse-grained ("plutonic") crystalline igneous rock
- Exotic crystalline igneous rock
- Normal crystalline igneous rock
- Sedimentary rock and sediment
- Metamorphic rock
Internet Links for Hornblende
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1930.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Hornblende
Reference List:
Ford, W. E. (1915) Beiträge zur optischen Kenntnis der Hornblenden. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 54 (1-6). p.1-16. doi:10.1524/zkri.1915.54.1.1
DODGE, F. C. W., PAPIKE, J. J., MAYS, R. E. (1968) Hornblendes from Granitic Rocks of the Central Sierra Nevada Batholith, California. Journal of Petrology, 9 (3) 378-410 doi:10.1093/petrology/9.3.378
Das Gupta, S. P. (1972) Coexisting hornblende and cummingtonite from the Khetri copper belt, Rajasthan, India. Mineralogical Magazine, 38 (299) 890-893 doi:10.1180/minmag.1972.038.299.13
Hawthorne, F. C., Oberti, R. (2006) On the classification of amphiboles. The Canadian Mineralogist, 44 (1) 1-21 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.44.1.1
Chatterjee, Sanchari; Kar, Rajib; Bhattacharya, Samarendra; Majumdar, Subhadeep; Pandey, Rohit; Naskar, Sourav; Choudhuri, Sandip; Ghosh, Anwesha (2025) Prograde and retrograde hornblende in mafic granulites, Eastern Ghats Province, India: textural and compositional evidence. Mineralogy and Petrology, 120 (1). 95-125 doi:10.1007/s00710-025-00955-9
Localities for Hornblende
Showing 814 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Boureghda et al. (2016) |
Antarctica | |
| Mallik et al. (2024) |
| Takahashi et al. (2018) | |
| Plimer et al. (1983) |
| Abdrakhmanov et al. (2024) |
| Dewar (1970) |
| Bell (1984) |
Argentina | |
| Ulrich et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Bouhier et al. (2023) |
| Perelló et al. (2023) |
| Sillitoe et al. (2019) | |
| Vidal et al. (2016) |
Armenia | |
| Moritz et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| Mulholland (1984) |
| Downes et al. (2004) |
| Various (1965) | |
| Downes et al. (2004) | |
| Downes et al. (2004) |
| Balind et al. (2017) |
| Staubmann et al. (2025) | |
| Elliott et al. (2026) |
| Baumgartner et al. (2025) |
| Cave et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Edwards et al. (1953) |
| part of list University of Queensland +1 other reference |
| Hong et al. (2023) |
| Ben Grguric |
| Mount Woods Inlier et al. (Honors thesis) +2 other references |
| Hong et al. (2023) |
| Krebbers et al. (2024) |
| Russell (2024) |
| Barnes et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| Dana et al. (2025) | |
| Karykowski et al. (2015) |
| Sumail et al. (2024) |
Austria | |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] H. ROSENBERG |
| Heritsch (1933) |
| Keyser et al. (2024) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Stütz (1807) |
| Strasser (1998) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) | |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
| Altenberger et al. (2026) |
| Thalhammer et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Exel (1993) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
| Altenberger et al. (2026) | |
| Altenberger et al. (2026) |
| Meixner (1978) |
Botswana | |
| Phili et al. (2024) |
Brazil | |
| Soares et al. (2025) |
| de Paula Garcia et al. (2018) |
| de Paula Garcia et al. (2018) | |
| de Paula Garcia et al. (2018) |
| Amaral et al. (2023) |
| Santos et al. (2024) |
| Zapata Montoya et al. (2026) |
| Lopes et al. (2024) |
| Ribeiro et al. (2026) |
| Amaral et al. (2026) |
| Santos et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Garcia et al. (2020) | |
| Hühn et al. (2025) |
| Delinardo-Silva et al. (2025) | |
| Fernandes et al. (2023) |
| Stama et al. (2026) | |
| Farias et al. (2022) |
| Costa et al. (2024) |
| Araújo Neto et al. (2024) |
| Chaves Ramos et al. (2020) |
| Massuda et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| Debowski et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Araujo et al. (1995) |
Bulgaria | |
| Zartova et al. (2004) |
| Panayotova et al. (2025) |
Cameroon | |
| Mengou et al. (2025) |
| Kouske et al. (2022) |
| Soh Tamehe et al. (2021) |
Canada | |
| personal correspondence with Giles ... |
| personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see notes in description) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Piilonen et al. (2024) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Novagold Resources Inc. |
| Imperial Metals Corp |
| Beno et al. (2025) |
| Nixon et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Coulson et al. (2007) | |
| Reamsbottom (1971) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| personal correspondence with Giles ... |
| - (n.d.) |
| personal correspondence with Giles ... |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Febbo et al. (2019) | |
| personal correspondence with Giles ... +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Neyedley et al. (2017) |
| Fulton (1999) +1 other reference |
| Rubingh et al. (2024) | |
| Rubingh et al. (2024) | |
| dnre-mrne.gnb.ca (2006) +1 other reference |
| - (2022) | |
| Borčinová Radková et al. (2020) |
| Mumin et al. (2025) |
| Ootes et al. (2006) |
| PRESSACCO (2001) |
| Vale SA |
| Katz et al. (2025) |
| Caglioti (2023) |
| N.T. Pettigrew and K.H. Hattori +1 other reference | |
| Agnico Eagle Mines Limited |
| Blein et al. (2025) |
| Katz (1970) |
| |
| Steadman et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| Beaudin et al. (2026) | |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| Tourigny et al. (2004) | |
| personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description) |
| Wainwright et al. (2011) |
| Deklerk et al. (compilers) | |
| Cathro (1981) | |
| Lee et al. (2025) | |
Central America | |
| Bateson et al. (1970) | |
Chad | |
| Olivier et al. (2021) |
Chile | |
| Cernuschi et al. (2023) |
| Zambra et al. (2007) |
| Vila G. (1976) |
| Lohmeier et al. (2025) |
| Lohmeier et al. (2022) | |
| Lohmeier et al. (2022) | |
| Seymour et al. (2025) |
| Chouinard et al. (2005) |
| Escolme et al. (2020) |
| Firth et al. (2015) |
| COSTA (2002) |
| Gómez-Gajardo et al. (2024) |
China | |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Zheng et al. (2023) |
| Kang et al. (2026) |
| Zhao et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Fang et al. (2026) |
| Xue et al. (2025) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Shi et al. (2026) | |
| Shi et al. (2024) |
| Zijin Mining Group Company Limited |
| Chen et al. (2024) |
| Tian et al. (2023) |
| Ren et al. (2025) |
| Su et al. (2026) |
| Yang et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Xue et al. (2025) |
| Porter (Mike) +1 other reference |
| Dahlkamp (2009) +1 other reference |
| Sun et al. (2026) |
| Ji et al. (2025) |
| Chen et al. (2026) | |
| Chen et al. (2026) | |
| Li et al. (2026) |
| Yang et al. (2026) | |
| Song et al. (2026) |
| Teng et al. (2025) | |
| Shu et al. (2023) |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
| Zuwei Wang and Yongzhang Zhou (2002) +1 other reference |
| Chen et al. (2025) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Rong et al. (2025) |
| Guoxi Ma et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2026) |
| Guo et al. (2024) |
| Baode et al. (2003) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Sun et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Duan et al. (2018) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Zhai et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Wu et al. (2026) | |
| Guanghui Li et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Chen Tang et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Zhao et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| Ouyang et al. (2023) | |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Yang et al. (2024) | |
| Xue et al. (2025) |
| Broili et al. (2010) |
| Shi et al. (2026) |
| Feng et al. (2022) +2 other references | |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Zhu et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Mao et al. (2011) |
| Hu et al. (2024) |
| Pan et al. (1999) +2 other references |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Lu et al. (2026) |
| Lu et al. (2026) | |
| Zhao et al. (1999) +2 other references | |
| Qiu et al. (2024) | |
| Nie et al. (2025) | |
| Wei et al. (2024) |
| |
| Dai et al. (2024) |
| Zeheng Lei et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Zhou et al. (2026) |
| |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Xie et al. (2026) |
| Wang et al. (2026) |
| Wang et al. (2026) |
| Shan et al. (2023) |
| Luo et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Xue et al. (2025) | |
| Mi et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
| Sun et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Huang et al. (2025) |
| Liang et al. (2024) |
| Yu et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Zhang +9 other references |
| Wang et al. (2026) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Guo et al. (2025) |
| Liu et al. (2026) |
| He et al. (2024) |
| Chen et al. (2025) |
| Ouyang et al. (2025) |
| Dong et al. (2025) |
| Zongyao et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Liu et al. (2026) +1 other reference | |
| Ji et al. (2026) |
| Sun et al. (2026) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Badhe et al. (2024) | |
| Geng et al. (2026) |
| Chen et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Yang et al. (2023) |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Geng et al. (2024) |
| Tang et al. (2024) |
| Fu et al. (2026) |
| Song et al. (2024) +2 other references |
| Cai et al. (2026) | |
| Ju et al. (2025) |
| Fu et al. (2025) | |
| Lin et al. (2025) |
| Chen et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Chen et al. (2024) | |
| Cui et al. (2026) |
| Zhang et al. (2025) |
| Chen et al. (2024) | |
| Zhang et al. (2025) | |
| Xia et al. (2025) |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Ye et al. (2026) | |
| Jiang et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2023) |
| Bao et al. (2026) | |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Hui et al. (2025) +1 other reference | |
| Teng et al. (2025) | |
| Chen et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2026) |
| Xiang et al. (2026) | |
| Zeng et al. (2025) |
| Gao et al. (2025) | |
| Qu et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Tang et al. (2025) |
| Qian et al. (2023) | |
| Qiao et al. (2026) |
| Jin et al. (2026) | |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Gao et al. (2025) |
| Gao et al. (2025) | |
| Zhao et al. (2026) |
| DUAN et al. (2024) |
| Yan et al. (2018) +2 other references | |
| Liu et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Chen et al. (2023) |
| Feng et al. (2024) |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Cai et al. (2023) |
| He et al. (2024) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Liu et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Zhang et al. (2017) | |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2025) | |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Zhao et al. (2026) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Hao et al. (2024) | |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Mao et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Zhang et al. (2026) |
| Yang et al. (2024) |
| Zhimin et al. (2013) +3 other references |
| Zhu Feilin et al. (7) | |
| Chen et al. (2026) |
| Zeqin Li et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Zhong et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Zhao et al. (2015) |
| Sun et al. (2022) +2 other references | |
| Tang et al. (2026) | |
| Xu et al. (2025) |
| Xiang et al. (2025) |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Chao et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Fu et al. (2026) +1 other reference |
| Kaijun Zhang et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Xiaoxu et al. (2023) +1 other reference | |
| Zhang et al. (2026) |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Wu et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2022) +3 other references |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Gao et al. (2025) | |
| Li et al. (2026) | |
| Yan et al. (2024) |
| Zhan et al. (2026) |
| Dai et al. (2011) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| He et al. (2025) |
| Duan et al. (2024) |
| Zhang et al. (2025) | |
| Cheng et al. (2024) | |
| Fang et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2024) | |
| Chen et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2017) | |
| Qin et al. (2025) | |
| Zhang et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Zhang et al. (2025) | |
| Liu et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Sun et al. (2018) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Tian et al. (2024) |
| Yan et al. (2025) | |
| Mao et al. (2024) +2 other references |
| Zhuangzhi Qian et al. (2009) +3 other references | |
| Mao et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2023) | |
| Ma et al. (2024) | |
| Gao et al. (2023) | |
| He et al. (2026) | |
| Meng et al. (2024) | |
| Zang et al. (2026) |
| He et al. (2026) |
| |
| Yan et al. (2026) |
| Bai et al. (2026) +1 other reference | |
| Wang et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Shen et al. (2025) | |
| Wang et al. (2026) |
| Qi et al. (2015) |
| Jianwei Hu et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Li et al. (2026) |
| Liu et al. (2026) | |
| Gao et al. (2026) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| You et al. (2026) | |
| Yu et al. (2026) | |
| Pei et al. (2025) | |
| Gao et al. (2026) |
| Yan et al. (2024) |
| He et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Tang et al. (2024) |
| Tang et al. (2024) | |
| Xie et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| He et al. (2018) |
| Mo et al. (2026) | |
| Pusheng Zeng et al. (2006) +3 other references | |
| Xu et al. (2022) |
| Yang et al. (2025) | |
| Ziying Gao et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Sun et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Yuanren Chen (1976) +2 other references |
| Guo et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2025) +2 other references |
Colombia | |
| Betancur-Figueroa et al. (2020) |
| Durán Torres (2018) |
Croatia | |
| Perković et al. (2024) |
Czech Republic | |
| Dolníček et al. (2018) |
| Vrtiskova et al. (2024) |
DR Congo | |
| Makutu et al. (2023) |
| Wulff et al. (2025) |
Ecuador | |
| Fornasaro et al. (2025) |
| Schütte et al. (2012) | |
| Schütte et al. (2012) |
| Schütte et al. (2012) |
| Alejandro Felix unpublished report |
| Schütte et al. (2012) |
| Díaz Castro et al. (2025) |
| Díaz Castro et al. (2025) | |
| Díaz Castro et al. (2025) | |
| Schütte et al. (2012) | |
Egypt | |
| Abdelfadil et al. (2024) |
| Abdelnasser et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Khedr et al. (2020) | |
| Abdelfadil et al. (2025) | |
| Khedr et al. (2024) | |
| Alekseev et al. (2023) | |
| Zoheir et al. (2020) | |
| Shalan (2021) |
| Elsagheer et al. (2026) | |
| Hamdy et al. (2011) | |
| El-Desoky et al. (2025) | |
| Mamedov et al. (2012) |
Estonia | |
| DEXPLORE project ongoing investigations |
Eswatini | |
| Gan et al. (n.d.) |
| Gan et al. (n.d.) | |
Ethiopia | |
| Kebede H. Belete +1 other reference |
Eurasian Plate | |
| Rout et al. (2025) | |
| Liu et al. (2026) |
| Lu et al. (2026) |
| Sun et al. (2020) |
Fiji | |
| Colley et al. (1980) |
Finland | |
| Hokka et al. (2025) |
France | |
| Fermis (2023) |
| Olivier et al. (2008) |
Georgia | |
| Kumladze et al. (2024) |
Germany | |
| Lorenz (1998) +1 other reference |
| Brauns (1922) +1 other reference |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Juliane R. Collection |
| Meyer et al. (2024) |
| Hazard J. (1891) |
| Tietz et al. (2007) |
| https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=55618 |
Ghana | |
| Addae et al. (2026) |
Greece | |
| Tsoupas et al. (2021) |
| |
| Kevrekidis et al. (2024) |
| Gerontidou et al. (2026) |
Greenland | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Mott et al. (2013) | |
| Yakymchuk et al. (2021) |
| - (n.d.) |
Haiti | |
| Harnish et al. (1986) |
| Bennett et al. (2024) |
Honduras | |
| Aura Minerals |
India | |
| Bhattacharyya (1974) |
| Sahoo et al. (2025) |
| Kanyan et al. (2020) |
| Kumar et al. (2025) |
| Raju et al. (2006) |
| Srinivasaiah et al. (2015) | |
| Jonnalagadda et al. (2022) |
| Shukla et al. (2021) |
| Sarkar et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Pradhan et al. (2026) |
| Hindustan Zinc Limited (2017) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Studies of Metasomatized ... +1 other reference |
| Bora et al. (2013) |
Indonesia | |
| Al Hakim et al. (2024) |
| Dana et al. (2024) |
| |
| Takahashi et al. (2014) | |
| Takahashi et al. (2014) | |
| Takahashi et al. (2014) | |
| Bensaman et al. (2015) |
| Irzon et al. (2020) |
| Qi et al. (2024) |
| YUNINGSIH et al. (2012) |
| Suryawan et al. (2023) |
| Qian et al. (2022) |
| Putra et al. (2024) |
| Idrus et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| Mollai et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Hassanpour et al. (2023) | |
| Baccolo et al. (2019) |
| Ahmadi et al. (2025) |
| Goudarzi et al. (2024) |
| Goudarzi et al. (2026) | |
| Shahbazi et al. (2019) |
| Abedini et al. (2025) |
| Esform et al. (2025) |
| Nayebi et al. (2026) |
| Soleymani et al. (2024) |
| Wagner et al. (2025) |
Italy | |
| Rebay et al. (2026) |
| Fedele L. et al. (2006) |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Coulibaly et al. (2025) |
Jamaica | |
| Porter et al. (1982) |
| Porter et al. (1982) | |
| Porter et al. (1982) | |
| BOOTHE et al. (2022) |
| Porter et al. (1982) |
Japan | |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Yamada (2004) |
| Satori et al. (2025) |
| ISSHIKI (1954) |
| Hayashi (2013) |
| Akasaka et al. (Imaizumi) |
| Atsushi ISHIHARA |
| AKATSUKA (1961) |
| |
| Hayashi (n.d.) |
| Tomioka et al. (2025) |
Kazakhstan | |
| KAZ Minerals |
| Feng et al. (2024) |
| Portnov et al. (2025) |
| Ваулин (2016) |
Kenya | |
| Caswell et al. (1953) +5 other references |
Laos | |
| Hou et al. (2019) |
Madagascar | |
| Berger et al. (2014) |
| Tang et al. (2019) |
Malaysia | |
| Foo (1979) |
Mexico | |
| Ramos-Velázquez et al. (2024) |
| Reyes (2020) |
| Morgan (2017) |
| Morgan (2017) | |
| Montoya-Lopera et al. (2025) |
| Almada-Gutiérrez et al. (2024) |
| Zucchi et al. (2025) |
| Fuentes-Guzmán et al. (2020) |
Mongolia | |
| Mao et al. (2018) |
| Mao et al. (2018) | |
| Porter (Mike) |
| Porter (Mike) | |
| Seltmann et al. (2004) |
| Seltmann et al. (2004) |
| 김영민 (2019) |
| Mao et al. (2018) |
| Bilegsaikhan et al. (2024) |
| Dostal et al. (2026) |
Myanmar | |
| - (2017) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
Namibia | |
| Sun et al. (2025) |
New Zealand | |
| Chernet |
| Mortimer et al. (2020) |
| Pirajno (1980) |
| Ashley et al. (2012) |
| Watters |
| Turnbull et al. (2017) |
| Moore (1979) |
Nicaragua | |
| Lipson et al. (2024) |
Nigeria | |
| Yunusa et al. (2019) |
| Yunusa et al. (2024) |
| Kamaunji et al. (2026) |
North Korea | |
| Kim et al. (2023) |
Norway | |
| Brøgger et al. (1875) +1 other reference |
| Terry et al. (2000) |
| Zhou et al. (2026) |
| Zhou et al. (2026) | |
| Ihlen et al. (2014) |
| Ravna et al. (2017) |
| Boundy et al. (2002) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Yan et al. (2024) | |
Pakistan | |
| Muhammad et al. (2024) |
| AKHTER et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Khalil et al. (2022) | |
| Le Bas et al. (1987) +2 other references |
Panama | |
| Redwood (2020) |
| Redwood (2020) | |
| Redwood (2020) |
| Redwood (2020) |
| Redwood (2020) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Chapple et al. (1998) |
| Harmony Gold |
| Denwer et al. (1998) | |
| Nelson et al. (1988) | |
| Rinne et al. (2018) |
| Rinne et al. (2018) | |
| Bainbridge et al. (1998) |
Peru | |
| Cernuschi et al. (2023) |
| Tassinari et al. (2011) |
Philippines | |
| Sherlock et al. (2003) |
| Giese et al. (1986) |
| Elveta et al. (1990) |
| Cao et al. (2020) | |
| Herrington et al. (2023) |
| Ignacio (2006) |
| Jimenez et al. (2002) |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Sęk |
| Grzegorz Bijak GEOpasja.pl Collection |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Grahmann R. (1937) |
| Grahmann R. (1937) | |
| Grahmann R. (1937) | |
| Grahmann R. (1937) | |
Portugal | |
| São Pedro et al. (2026) |
Romania | |
| Bonin et al. (2016) |
| von Hauer et al. (1863) |
Russia | |
| Ettlinger et al. (1991) |
| Rakhimov (2024) |
| Kosarev et al. (2014) |
| Gottman et al. (2018) | |
| Kislov (2024) +1 other reference |
| Damdinov et al. (2007) |
| Stepanov et al. (2024) |
| Nagornaya et al. (2020) |
| Gramenitskiy et al. (2019) |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2026) |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2026) |
| Левочская et al. (2021) |
| И.И. et al. (2023) |
| Radomskaya et al. (2017) |
| Kolotilina et al. (2024) |
| Palyanova et al. (2025) |
| Sluzhenikin et al. (2015) |
| Sazonov et al. (2024) |
| Kislov et al. (2020) |
| Skublov et al. (2023) |
| Kolova et al. (2023) |
| Sushchenko et al. (2023) |
| |
| Chashchin et al. (2021) |
| Chashchin et al. (2021) |
| Y.A. et al. (2019) |
| Kalinin et al. (2024) |
| Kovalenko (Levashova) |
| Popov et al. (2014) |
| Molchanov et al. (2024) |
| Bystrov et al. (2015) |
| Okrugin et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Trunilina et al. (2024) |
| Trunilina et al. (2024) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2023) | |
| Stepanov et al. (2023) |
| Krause et al. (2007) |
| Krause et al. (2007) | |
| Kislov et al. (2026) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2023) | |
| Berzina et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Redin et al. (2023) |
| Kovalev et al. (2019) +2 other references |
| Redin et al. (2023) | |
| Redin et al. (2023) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2023) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Qadhi (2007) |
Serbia | |
| Bosić et al. (2025) |
| Miladinović et al. (2024) |
| Miladinović et al. (2024) | |
| Putzolu et al. (2025) |
| Budinov et al. (2015) |
Slovakia | |
| Ponomarenko et al. (2015) |
| Šarinová et al. (2018) |
Solomon Islands | |
| D. A. Abraham et al. (1984) |
South Africa | |
| Maier et al. (2023) |
| JAGUIN et al. (2012) |
| Coetzee (1976) |
| Coetzee (1976) | |
| Coetzee (1976) | |
| Ndhlovu (2017) +1 other reference |
| Canham et al. (2025) |
| Clifford et al. (2012) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) | |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) | |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) | |
South America Plate | |
| Lima et al. (2024) |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | |
| Pettigrew (1981) | |
| Storey (1983) |
South Korea | |
| Kim et al. (2005) |
| You et al. (2024) | |
| Park et al. (1988) |
| Jo et al. (2023) |
Spain | |
| Puga et al. (2025) |
| Locality description |
| ATLANTI et al. (1983) |
| Arias et al. (2021) | |
| Williams (1983) | |
| González-Jiménez et al. (2026) |
| González-Jiménez et al. (2026) | |
Sri Lanka | |
| Dahanayake (1988) +1 other reference |
Sudan | |
| Bierlein et al. (2020) |
| Bierlein et al. (2020) | |
| Bierlein et al. (2020) | |
| Bierlein et al. (2020) | |
Suriname | |
| Combes et al. (2025) |
Sweden | |
| Billström et al. (2022) |
| Drejing-Carroll et al. (2023) |
| Edfelt et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Edfelt et al. (2006) | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Coin (2017) +1 other reference |
Taiwan | |
| Juan et al. (1959) |
| Juan et al. (1959) +1 other reference |
| Ichimura (1944) +2 other references |
Tajikistan | |
| Litvinenko et al. (2019) |
Tanzania | |
| Hassan et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
Thailand | |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
Turkey | |
| Çil et al. (2026) |
| Yılmazer et al. (2025) |
| SOYLU et al. (1999) |
| Kaya et al. (2023) |
| Kaya et al. (2023) | |
| Kumral et al. (2022) |
| Çagatay (1987) |
| Kocatürk et al. (2025) |
| Kocatürk et al. (2025) | |
| Kocatürk et al. (2025) | |
| Kocatürk et al. (2025) |
| Yigit (2012) +1 other reference |
| Aluç et al. (2025) |
| Kiray et al. (2024) |
| Sasmaz et al. (2025) |
| Ergili (2023) |
| Kumral et al. (2022) | |
| Sunkari et al. (2025) |
| Kocatürk et al. (2025) | |
| Kilic et al. (2024) |
UK | |
| Sikazwe et al. (2014) |
| Moles (1985) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| V.I. Pavlishin et al. (1988) |
| Kurylo et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| L.Z.Skakun et al. (2006) |
| YATSENKO et al. (2020) |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
| Shumlyanskyy et al. (2021) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Case et al. (2023) |
| Rolf Luetcke |
| Moore et al. (1987) |
| Haxel et al. (2023) |
| Locality description |
| Shockley (1976) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (1984) |
| Schwartz (1956) |
| Fairbanks (1896) |
| Norris (1960) |
| Berke et al. (2023) |
| Zephyr Minerals Ltd. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (1994) |
| Crawford et al. (1916) |
| Yedlin (1964) |
| Nekkhi Murtishi |
| Benson et al. (2020) |
| Killburg (1972) +2 other references |
| Sullivan et al. (2023) |
| Sullivan et al. (2023) | |
| Sullivan et al. (2023) | |
| Sinkler (1942) |
| Cummings et al. (1992) |
| Obolewicz (1978) |
| - (1958) |
| Mankins (2022) |
| Henry et al. (2023) |
| Riedell et al. (2020) |
| Thomas (2022) |
| - (2005) |
| BEDROCK GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE FRANKLIN ... |
| Bargar et al. (1997) |
| Sloto (2019) |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Seiders et al. (1972) |
| - (2005) |
| Cox (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Carr et al. (1981) |
| Harry Y. McSween Jr.; Nystrom (1979) |
| Robin D. Tibbit (deceased) |
| Hall et al. (2022) |
| Glass et al. (1958) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| McGowan et al. (2026) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Ishkov et al. (2022) |
Vietnam | |
| Manaka et al. (2014) |
| Manaka et al. (2014) |
| Manaka et al. (2014) | |
| Manaka et al. (2014) | |
| Nguyen et al. (2024) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Ackermann et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Sminia et al. (2006) |
Diabase quarry, Ebriachgraben, Ebriach, Eisenkappel-Vellach, Völkermarkt District, Carinthia, Austria