Bassanite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Bassanite
Francesco Bassani
Formula:
Ca(SO4) · 0.5H2O
Colour:
White
Lustre:
Vitreous, Dull, Earthy
Specific Gravity:
2.69 - 2.76
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1910 by Ferruccio Zambonini (1880-1932) in honor of Francesco Bassani (29 October 1853, Thiene, Italy – 26 April 1916, Capri, Italy), professor of paleontology, University of Naples, Italy, for Bassani's encouragement of Zambonini's studies.
May occur as pseudomorphs after gypsum.
Very similar to omongwaite; structurally related to chinleite-(Y).
Apparently a common precursor phase of anhydrite and gypsum (Van Driessche et al. 2012; Ossorio et al. 2014).
Very similar to omongwaite; structurally related to chinleite-(Y).
Apparently a common precursor phase of anhydrite and gypsum (Van Driessche et al. 2012; Ossorio et al. 2014).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
557
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:557:9
Similar Names
| Baksanite | A valid IMA mineral species | Bi6Te2S3 |
| Basanite | A rock classification type | |
| Basanite (chert) | A rock subtype | |
| Busonite | A synonym of 'Busorite' | |
| Bussenite | A valid IMA mineral species | Na2Ba2Fe2+Ti(Si2O7)(CO3)(OH)3F |
IMA Classification of Bassanite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
CaS6+O4·0.5H2O
First published:
1910
Classification of Bassanite
7.CD.45
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only large cations
29.6.1.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
25.4.2
25 : Sulphates
4 : Sulphates of Ca, Sr and Ba
25 : Sulphates
4 : Sulphates of Ca, Sr and Ba
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bss | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Bss | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Bassanite
Vitreous, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Comment:
vitreous lustre for transparent crystals deduced from RI; usually in fine-grained aggregates and pseudomorphs
Colour:
White
Streak:
White
Density:
2.69 - 2.76 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.731 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Bassanite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.55 nε = 1.57
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.020
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Low (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Chemistry of Bassanite
Mindat Formula:
Ca(SO4) · 0.5H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Bassanite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2 - Sphenoidal
Space Group:
B2
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.0317(4) Å, b = 6.9269(2) Å, c = 12.6712(3) Å
β = 90.27(1)°
β = 90.27(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.737 : 1 : 1.829
Unit Cell V:
1,056.04 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
12
Morphology:
Needlelike crystals, often in parallel aggregates.
Twinning:
About [010], twin plane {101}, may be sectored.
Comment:
Space group I2 (non-standard setting)
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019834 | Bassanite | Schmidt H, Paschke I, Freyer D, Voigt W (2011) Water channel structure of bassanite at high air humidity: crystal structure of CaSO4*0.625H2O Acta Crystallographica B67 467-475 |  | 2011 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0019833 | Bassanite | Schmidt H, Paschke I, Freyer D, Voigt W (2011) Water channel structure of bassanite at high air humidity: crystal structure of CaSO4*0.625H2O Acta Crystallographica B67 467-475 | | 2011 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0013870 | Bassanite | Bezou C, Nonat A, Mutin J C, Christensen A N, Lehmann M S (1995) Of the crystal structure of gamma-CaSO4, CaSO4*0.5(H2O), and CaSO4*0.6(H2O) by powder diffraction methods Journal of Solid State Chemistry 117 165-176 | 1995 | Maurienne, France | 0 | 293 | |
| 0013869 | Bassanite | Bezou C, Nonat A, Mutin J C, Christensen A N, Lehmann M S (1995) Of the crystal structure of gamma-CaSO4, CaSO4*0.5(H2O), and CaSO4*0.6(H2O) by powder diffraction methods Journal of Solid State Chemistry 117 165-176 | 1995 | Maurienne, France | 0 | 293 | |
| 0013868 | Bassanite | Bezou C, Nonat A, Mutin J C, Christensen A N, Lehmann M S (1995) Of the crystal structure of gamma-CaSO4, CaSO4*0.5(H2O), and CaSO4*0.6(H2O) by powder diffraction methods Journal of Solid State Chemistry 117 165-176 | 1995 | Maurienne, France | 0 | 293 | |
| 0013867 | Bassanite | Bezou C, Nonat A, Mutin J C, Christensen A N, Lehmann M S (1995) Of the crystal structure of gamma-CaSO4, CaSO4*0.5(H2O), and CaSO4*0.6(H2O) by powder diffraction methods Journal of Solid State Chemistry 117 165-176 | 1995 | Maurienne, France | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019828 | Bassanite | Abriel W, Nesper R (1993) Bestimmung der Kristallstruktur von CaSO4(H2O)0.5 mit Rontgenbeugungsmethoden und mit Potentialprofil-Rechnungen Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 205 99-113 |  | 1993 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0019827 | Bassanite | Abriel W, Nesper R (1993) Bestimmung der Kristallstruktur von CaSO4(H2O)0.5 mit Rontgenbeugungsmethoden und mit Potentialprofil-Rechnungen Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 205 99-113 | | 1993 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0019824 | Bassanite | Bezou C, Christensen A N, Cox D, Lehmann M, Nonat A (1991) Structures cristallines de CaSO4,0,5H2O et CaSO4,0,6H2O Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris 312 43-48 | 1991 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019823 | Bassanite | Bezou C, Christensen A N, Cox D, Lehmann M, Nonat A (1991) Structures cristallines de CaSO4,0,5H2O et CaSO4,0,6H2O Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris 312 43-48 | 1991 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019836 | Bassanite | Abriel W (1983) Calcium sulfat subhydrat, CaSO4.0,8H2O Acta Crystallographica C39 956-958 | | 1983 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0006909 | Bassanite | Ballirano P, Maras A, Meloni S, Caminiti R (2001) The monoclinic I2 structure of bassanite, calcium sulphate hemihydrate European Journal of Mineralogy 13 985-993 | 2001 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0019825 | Bassanite | Bushuev N N (1980) On the structural features of CaSO4*0,5H2O and CaSO4*0,67H2O Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 255 1104-1109 | 1980 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0017644 | Bassanite | Gallitelli P (1933) Ricerche sul solfato di calcio semidrato e sull'anidrite solubile _cod_database_code 1010918 Periodico di Mineralogia 4 132-171 | 1933 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.00 Å | (70) |
| 3.469 Å | (54) |
| 3.042 Å | (15) |
| 3.006 Å | (100) |
| 2.807 Å | (86) |
| 2.139 Å | (22) |
| 1.847 Å | (56) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies) | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| 25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Type Occurrence of Bassanite
General Appearance of Type Material:
White, opaque crystals to 1 cm, as pseudomorphs after gypsum.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In cavities of leucite-tephrite blocks ejected from an active volcano.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Bassanite
Other Language Names for Bassanite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CD. | Argesite | (NH4)7Bi3Cl16 |
| 7.CD. | Campostriniite | (Bi3+,Na)3(NH4,K)2Na2(SO4)6 · H2O |
| 7.CD.05 | Matteuccite | NaHSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CD.10 | Mirabilite | Na2SO4 · 10H2O |
| 7.CD.15 | Lecontite | (NH4)Na(SO4) · 2H2O |
| 7.CD.20 | Hydroglauberite | Na10Ca3(SO4)8 · 6H2O |
| 7.CD.25 | Eugsterite | Na4Ca(SO4)3 · 2H2O |
| 7.CD.30 | Görgeyite | K2Ca5(SO4)6 · H2O |
| 7.CD.35 | Syngenite | K2Ca(SO4)2 · H2O |
| 7.CD.35 | Antofagastaite | Na2Ca(SO4)2 · 1.5H2O |
| 7.CD.35 | Koktaite | (NH4)2Ca(SO4)2 · H2O |
| 7.CD.40 | Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CD.45 | Chinleite-(Y) | NaY(SO4)2 · H2O |
| 7.CD.45 | Chinleite-(Nd) | NaNd(SO4)2 · H2O |
| 7.CD.45 | Chinleite-(Ce) | NaCe(SO4)2(H2O) |
| 7.CD.50 | Zircosulfate | (Zr,Ti)(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 7.CD.55 | Schieffelinite | Pb10Te6+6O20(OH)14(SO4)(H2O)5 |
| 7.CD.60 | Montanite | Bi2(TeO6) · nH2O |
| 7.CD.65 | Omongwaite | Na2Ca5(SO4)6 · 3H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Bassanite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-557.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Bassanite
Reference List:
Gay, P. (1965) Some crystallographic studies in the system CaSO4–CaSO4.2H2O II. The hydrous forms. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 35 (270). 354-362 doi:10.1180/minmag.1965.035.270.09
Clifton, James R. (1972) Thermal analysis of calcium sulfate dihydrate and supposed a and forms of calcium sulfate hemihydrate from 25 to 500 C. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A: Physics and Chemistry, 76 (1). 41 doi:10.6028/jres.076a.005
Abriel, W. (1983) Calcium Sulfat Subhydrat, CaSO4.0,8H2O. Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, 39 (8). 956-958 doi:10.1107/s0108270183006988
Lager, G. A., Armbuster, Th., Rotella, F. J., Jorgensen, J. D., Hinks, D. G. (1984) A crystallographic study of the low-temperature dehydration products of gypsum. CaSO4 · 2H2O: hemihydrate, CaSO4 · 0.50H2O, and γ-CaSO4. American Mineralogist, 69 (9-10). 910-919
Abriel, W., Nesper, R. (1993) Bestimmung der Kristallstruktur von CaSO4(H2O)0,5 mit Röntgenbeugungsmethoden und mit Potentialprofil-Rechnungen. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 205 (1). 99-113 doi:10.1524/zkri.1993.205.part-1.99
Bezou, C., Nonat, A., Mutin, J.-C., Christensen, A.Nørlund, Lehmann, M.S. (1995) Investigation of the Crystal Structure of γ-CaSO4, CaSO4 · 0.5 H2O, and CaSO4 · 0.6 H2O by Powder Diffraction Methods. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 117. 165-176 doi:10.1006/jssc.1995.1260
Ballirano, Paolo, Maras, Adriana, Meloni, Simone, Caminiti, Ruggero (2001) The monoclinic I2 structure of bassanite, calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO4 0.5H2O) European Journal of Mineralogy, 13 (5) 985-993 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013/0985
Freyer, Daniela, Voigt, Wolfgang (2003) Crystallization and Phase Stability of CaSO4 and CaSO4- Based Salts. Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly, 134 (5). 693-719 doi:10.1007/s00706-003-0590-3
Lane, M. D. (2007) Mid-infrared emission spectroscopy of sulfate and sulfate-bearing minerals. American Mineralogist, 92 (1) 1-18 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2170
Christensen, Axel Nørlund, Olesen, Maja, Cerenius, Yngve, Jensen, Torben R. (2008) Formation and Transformation of Five Different Phases in the CaSO4−H2O System: Crystal Structure of the Subhydrate β-CaSO4·0.5H2O and Soluble Anhydrite CaSO4. Chemistry of Materials, 20. 2124-2132 doi:10.1021/cm7027542
Wray, James J., Squyres, Steven W., Roach, Leah H., Bishop, Janice L., Mustard, John F., Noe Dobrea, Eldar Z. (2010) Identification of the Ca-sulfate bassanite in Mawrth Vallis, Mars. Icarus, 209 (2). 416-421 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.06.001
Schmidt, Horst, Paschke, Iris, Freyer, Daniela, Voigt, Wolfgang (2011) Water channel structure of bassanite at high air humidity: crystal structure of CaSO4·0.625H2O. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 67 (6) 467-475 doi:10.1107/s0108768111041759
Harrison, T. N. (2012) Experimental VNIR reflectance spectroscopy of gypsum dehydration: Investigating the gypsum to bassanite transition. American Mineralogist, 97 (4) 598-609 doi:10.2138/am.2012.3667
Van Driessche, A. E. S., Benning, L. G., Rodriguez-Blanco, J. D., Ossorio, M., Bots, P., García-Ruiz, J. M. (2012) The Role and Implications of Bassanite as a Stable Precursor Phase to Gypsum Precipitation. Science, 336 (6077). 69-72 doi:10.1126/science.1215648
Ossorio, M., Van Driessche, A.E.S., Pérez, P., García-Ruiz, J.M. (2014) The gypsum–anhydrite paradox revisited. Chemical Geology, 386. 16-21 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.07.026
Bishop, J. L., Lane, M. D., Dyar, M. D., King, S. J., Brown, A. J., Swayze, G. A. (2014) Spectral properties of Ca-sulfates: Gypsum, bassanite, and anhydrite. American Mineralogist, 99 (10) 2105-2115 doi:10.2138/am-2014-4756
Localities for Bassanite
Showing 148 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Ling et al. (2015) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
Australia | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
Austria | |
| Koritnig (1967) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Schorn et al. (2013) |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Cambodia | |
| Piilonen et al. (2023) |
Canada | |
| Borčinová Radková et al. (2020) |
| Goodman (1957) |
| Edahbi et al. (2018) |
Cape Verde | |
| Candeias et al. (2021) |
| Silva et al. (2019) | |
Chile | |
| Confirmed method: XRD by Joachim Lorenz. |
| Tornos et al. (2010) |
| De Waele et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Gerhard Möhn collection |
| Schlüter et al. (2007) |
China | |
| Dai et al. (2017) |
| Lu et al. (2024) |
| Zou et al. (2022) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Ren et al. (2026) |
| Botao Li et al. (2010) | |
| Guo +6 other references |
| Yuan et al. (2019) |
| Bingxiao (1992) +1 other reference |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Dai et al. (2015) |
Czech Republic | |
| Žáček et al. (1995) |
| Diederik Visser List #39 |
| NOVOTNÁ et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Matýsek et al. (2026) |
| Matýsek et al. (2022) |
| David Parfitt collection |
Egypt | |
| Marchesini et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| El Sankary (2019) |
| Mahmoud et al. (2022) |
France | |
| ... |
Germany | |
| Lorenz (2004) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Hungary | |
| Koller G. Own found. |
| Kovács-Pálffy et al. (2008) |
| Kovács-Pálffy et al. (2008) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll & Jánosi (1996) |
Iceland | |
| Mitolo et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
India | |
| Sinha et al. (2003) |
Iran | |
| Nayebi et al. (2026) |
Italy | |
| Cipriani et al. (2026) |
| Italo Campostrini analytical data |
| Russo |
| Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference | |
| Pellino et al. (2025) | |
| Apollaro et al. (2023) |
| P.Forti (1994) |
| Bazzoni C. et al. |
| Orlandi P. & Pezzotta (1996) |
Jordan | |
| Moh’d et al. (2004) |
| Pitty et al. (2010) | |
| Khoury et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
Kiribati | |
| Brown et al. (1973) |
Kuwait | |
| Gunatilaka et al. (1985) | |
Malaysia | |
| Wurster et al. (2015) |
Mexico | |
| Wilson W.E. (2024) |
| Yta et al. (2005) |
Namibia | |
| deepyellow.com.au (2020) |
Nicaragua | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Oman | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
Peru | |
| Tyc et al. (2022) |
Philippines | |
| Wurster et al. (2015) |
Poland | |
| J. Cabala et al. (2008) |
| Ł. Kruszewski (PXRD data) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Fabiańska et al. (2013) |
| Lukasz Kruszewski 2005: Minerals arising in cause of underground fires of "Skalny" coal mine dump in Laziska (Upper Silesia, Poland) |
| Cempa et al. (2024) |
| Kruszewski et al. (2020) |
| Ł. Kruszewski (PXRD data) |
Qatar | |
| Al-Yousef | |
Romania | |
| Dumitras D et al. (2004) |
| Dumitras et al. (2005) |
| Onac et al. (2003) |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) | |
| |
| Bortnikova et al. (2009, February) |
| Bortnikova et al. (2009, February) | |
| Strujkov et al. (1996) |
| Kailachakov et al. (2020) |
| Vergasova et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
South Africa | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2020) |
| Campeny et al. (2023) |
Switzerland | |
| Kipfer et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
Tunisia | |
| Galai et al. (2019) |
| Smykatz-Kloss et al. (2010) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
UK | |
| [BMS] |
| Day (1999) |
| [BMS] | |
| Kemp et al. (2016) |
Ukraine | |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| Kampf et al. (2019) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Gulbrandsen et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Crowley (1996) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Allen et al. (1953) +1 other reference | |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Ver Planck et al. (1952) +3 other references |
| Rodriguez et al. (2024) |
| Tank (1972) | |
| Cerato |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| The Picking Table:17 (2) +1 other reference |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... |
| Richards et al. (2017) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Hill (1979) | |
| Hill (1979) | |
| Hill (1979) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Ishbobaev et al. (2023) |
Venezuela | |
| Urbani (1996) |
| Franco Urbani (2009) | |
Mars | |
| Chipera et al. (2023) |
| Treiman et al. (2023) |
| Grotzinger et al. (2015) |
| Morrison et al. (2024) |
| Several papers on: Science Express |
| Grotzinger et al. (2015) | |
| Grotzinger et al. (2015) | |
| Wray et al. (2010) |
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