Aphthitalite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
About Aphthitalite
Formula:
K3Na(SO4)2
Originally given as (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2.
Colour:
Colourless (rare), white, grey, bluish, greenish, reddish; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
2.656 - 2.71
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek άφθητος ("aphthitos"), "unalterable", and άλας ("halas"), "salt", in allusion to its stability in air.
Occurs in two widely diversified environments, both as an incrustation in volcanic fumaroles and as a constituent of oceanic and lacustrine salt deposits.
As shown by experiments of Africano et al. (2002), it may deposit from volcanic gas in high fO2 conditions during cooling from ca. 800 down to 400oC, together with thénardite.
Glaserite is a common synonym.
The K analogue of Natroaphthitalite.
Structurally related to bubnovaite. Both structurally and chemically related to belomarinaite.
As shown by experiments of Africano et al. (2002), it may deposit from volcanic gas in high fO2 conditions during cooling from ca. 800 down to 400oC, together with thénardite.
Glaserite is a common synonym.
The K analogue of Natroaphthitalite.
Structurally related to bubnovaite. Both structurally and chemically related to belomarinaite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
280
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:280:0
IMA Classification of Aphthitalite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
K3Na(S6+O4)2
First published:
1813
Classification of Aphthitalite
7.AC.35
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
A : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
A : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
28.2.2.1
28 : ANHYDROUS ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
2 : A2XO4
28 : ANHYDROUS ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
2 : A2XO4
25.1.7
25 : Sulphates
1 : Sulphates of the alkali metals and ammonium
25 : Sulphates
1 : Sulphates of the alkali metals and ammonium
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Att | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Aphthitalite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Colourless (rare), white, grey, bluish, greenish, reddish; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
On {1010} fair; on {0001} poor.
On {1010} fair; on {0001} poor.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
2.656 - 2.71 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.72 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Aphthitalite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.487 - 1.491 nε = 1.492 - 1.499
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.005 - 0.008
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Chemistry of Aphthitalite
Mindat Formula:
K3Na(SO4)2
Originally given as (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2.
Originally given as (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Aphthitalite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
P3m1
Setting:
P3m1
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.677 Å, c = 7.3331 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.292
Unit Cell V:
204.67 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Crystals commonly thin to thick tabular with pronounced trigonal development. Distorted pseudo-orthorhombic forms. Bladed aggregates; mammilary; crusts; massive.
Twinning:
On {0001} or on {1120}, repeated. Twinned groups on {1120}, similar to aragonite twins.
Crystallographic forms of Aphthitalite
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
Click on an icon to view
Aphthitalite no.97 - {001} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Aphthitalite no.116 - {001} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
Toggle
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009708 | Aphthitalite | Okada K, Ossaka J (1980) Structures of potassium sodium sulphate and tripotassium sodium disulphate Acta Crystallographica B36 919-921 |  | 1980 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017926 | Aphthitalite | Gossner B (1928) Ueber die Kristallstruktur von Glaserit und Kaliumsulfat. _cod_database_code 1011019 Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie. Beilage 57 89-116 | 1928 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.839 Å | (100) |
| 2.940 Å | (75) |
| 2.042 Å | (45) |
| 4.09 Å | (30) |
| 3.67 Å | (20) |
| 2.443 Å | (16) |
| 2.330 Å | (14) |
Comments:
Synthetic
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
| 52 : Guano- and urine-derived minerals | <0.4 |
Type Occurrence of Aphthitalite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Volcanic fumaroles
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Aphthitalite
Other Language Names for Aphthitalite
Dutch:Aphthitaliet
French:Aphthitalite
Aphthalose
Aphthalose
German:Aphthitalit
Aftitalit
Aphtalith
Aphthitalith
Aphtitalith
Arcanit (of Haidinger)
Glaserit
Schwefelkalisalz
Aftitalit
Aphtalith
Aphthitalith
Aphtitalith
Arcanit (of Haidinger)
Glaserit
Schwefelkalisalz
Latin:Sal polychrestum Glaseri
Norwegian:Aftitalitt
Russian:Афтиталит
Simplified Chinese:钾芒硝
Traditional Chinese:鉀芒硝
Varieties of Aphthitalite
| Ammonium-Aphthitalite | An ammonium-bearing variety of Aphthitalite. Occurs as fibrous crusts. Originally reported from Guañape Island, La Libertad Department, Peru. |
| Copper- and Manganese-bearing Aphthitalite | A Cu- and Mn-rich variety. |
Relationship of Aphthitalite to other Species
Member of:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 7 photos of Aphthitalite associated with Halite | NaCl |
| 2 photos of Aphthitalite associated with Calciojohillerite | NaCaMg3(AsO4)3 |
| 2 photos of Aphthitalite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 2 photos of Aphthitalite associated with Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| 2 photos of Aphthitalite associated with Badalovite | Na2Mg2Fe(AsO4)3 |
| 1 photo of Aphthitalite associated with Allantoin | C4H6N4O3 |
| 1 photo of Aphthitalite associated with Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| 1 photo of Aphthitalite associated with Lammerite | Cu3(AsO4)2 |
| 1 photo of Aphthitalite associated with Paralammerite | Cu3(AsO4)2 |
| 1 photo of Aphthitalite associated with Kozyrevskite | Cu4O(AsO4)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.AC. | Aluminopyracmonite | (NH4)3Al(SO4)3 |
| 7.AC. | Amgaite | Tl+32Te6+O6 |
| 7.AC.05 | Vanthoffite | Na6Mg(SO4)4 |
| 7.AC.08 | Pyracmonite | (NH4)3Fe(SO4)3 |
| 7.AC.10 | Langbeinite | K2Mg2(SO4)3 |
| 7.AC.10 | Efremovite | (NH4)2Mg2(SO4)3 |
| 7.AC.10 | Ferroefremovite | (NH4)2Fe2+2(SO4)3 |
| 7.AC.10 | Manganolangbeinite | K2Mn2(SO4)3 |
| 7.AC.15 | Yavapaiite | KFe3+(S6+O4)2 |
| 7.AC.15 | Eldfellite | NaFe3+(SO4)2 |
| 7.AC.20 | Sabieite | (NH4)Fe3+(SO4)2 |
| 7.AC.20 | Godovikovite | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 |
| 7.AC.20 | Steklite | KAl(SO4)2 |
| 7.AC.35 | Belomarinaite | KNa(SO4) |
| 7.AC.35 | Natroaphthitalite | KNa3(SO4)2 |
| 7.AC.35 | Möhnite | (NH4)K2Na(SO4)2 |
| 7.AC.40 | Itelmenite | Na4Mg3Cu3(SO4)8 |
| 7.AC.45 | Saranchinaite | Na2Cu(SO4)2 |
| 7.AC.50 | Majzlanite | K2Na(ZnNa)Ca(SO4)4 |
| 7.AC.60 | Philoxenite | (K,Na,Pb)4(Na,Ca)2(Mg,Cu)3(Fe3+0.5Al0.5)(SO4)8 |
| 7.AC.75 | Petrovite | Na12Cu2(SO4)8 |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 35.2862% | 10,939 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in water and in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Aphthitalite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-280.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Aphthitalite
Reference List:
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume II]. Chez Verdière. pp.477-478 - [as Aphthalose
Washington, H. S., Merwin, H. E. (1921) Aphthitalite from Kilauea. American Mineralogist, 6 (8) 121-125
Frondel, Clifford (1950) Notes and news: Notes on arcanite, ammonian aphthitalite and oxammite. American Mineralogist, 35 (7-8) 596-598
Winchell, Horace, Benoit, Richard J. (1951) Taylorite, mascagnite, aphthitalite, lecontite, and oxammite from guano. American Mineralogist, 36 (7-8) 590-602
Saalfeld, H. (1973) Crystallographic investigations of glaserite from Mount Vesuvius/Italy. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 1973 (2). 75-78 doi:10.1127/njmm/1973/1973/75(as glaserite)
Okada, K., Ossaka, J. (1980) Structures of potassium sodium sulphate and tripotassium sodium disulphate. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 36 (4) 919-921 doi:10.1107/s0567740880004852
Moore, Paul Brian (1981) Complex crystal structures related to glaserite, K3Na(SO4)2 : evidence for very dense packings among oxysalts. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 104 (4) 536-547 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1981.7504
Hansteen, Thor H., Burke, Ernst A. J. (1994) Aphthitalite in high-temperature fluid inclusions in quartz from the Eikeren-Skrim granite complex, the Oslo paleorift. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 74 (4). 238-240
Africano, F., Van Rompaey, G., Bernard, A., Le Guern, F (2002) Deposition of trace elements from high temperature gases of Satsuma-Iwojima volcano. Earth Planets and Space, 54 (3). 275-286 doi:10.1186/BF03353027
Shchipalkina, Nadezhda V.; Koshlyakova, Natalia N.; Pekov, Igor V.; Agakhanov, Atali A.; Britvin, Sergey N.; Nazarova, Maria A. (2023) Alkali Sulfates with Aphthitalite-Like Structures from Fumaroles of the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. IV. Aphthitalite–Palmierite Regular Intergrowths: Crystallography, Chemistry, and Genesis. The Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 61 (3). 609-622 doi:10.3749/2200062
Localities for Aphthitalite
Showing 117 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Caves: processes +1 other reference |
| Bridge (1977) |
| Bridge (1973) |
Austria | |
| Spötl (1989) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Bentz (2017) |
| Bentz (2017) |
Canada | |
| Kamenetsky et al. (2013) |
Chile | |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| SEM-EDS |
China | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Zhenmi Liu (2000) |
| Yuanyi Zhao et al. (2004) |
| Qian Wu et al. (2013) |
| Xifang Liu and Mianping Zheng (2010) | |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Shaoxiu (1991) | |
| Yuanyi Zhao (2003) |
| Shaoxiu (1991) +1 other reference |
| Shaoxiu (1991) | |
| Shaoxiu (1991) +1 other reference |
DR Congo | |
| Bailey (1980) |
El Salvador | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
France | |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
| Vlastélic et al. (2013) |
Germany | |
| Krah et al. (1988) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Bode "Mineralien und Fundstellen BRD" ... |
| Frenzel (1964) |
| Naumann +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| W.I. Borrisenkow (1968) |
Iceland | |
| Balić-Žunić et al. (2016) |
| Balić-Žunić et al. (2024) | |
| Mitolo et al. (2008) |
| Jakobsson et al. (1992) |
| JAKOBSSON et al. (1986) +1 other reference | |
Indonesia | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
| Symonds (1993) |
Iran | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
| Philip Simmons (http://www.mindat.org/mesg-7-237193.html) |
Italy | |
| |
| Smithson (1813) +3 other references |
| Russo et al. (2017) |
| Pelloux (1927) +3 other references | |
| Pellino et al. (2025) | |
| Cavarretta et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Barresi G. (1857) +6 other references |
| Sergio Russo Collection |
| Brescia et al. (2025) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Dill (1979) |
| De Vecchi et al. (pp. 417-443) |
Japan | |
| Oana (1962) +1 other reference |
| Amir Akhavan Collection |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pekov et al. (1993) |
| Tony Nikischer specimen | |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Mexico | |
| Taran et al. (2000) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
Namibia | |
| Martini et al. (1999) |
Nicaragua | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Niger | |
| Saidou et al. (2015) |
| Saidou et al. (2015) |
| Saidou et al. (2015) | |
| Saidou et al. (2015) | |
North Macedonia | |
| Đorđević et al. (2024) |
Norway | |
| Hansteen et al. (1994) |
Peru | |
| Tyc et al. (2022) |
| [var: Ammonium-Aphthitalite] Palache et al. (1951) |
Russia | |
| Golovin et al. (2023) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| found in volcanic fumaroles of the ... | |
| Pekov et al. (2014) +6 other references |
| Zelenski et al. (2012) | |
| Sharygin et al. (2018) |
| Shablinskii et al. (2022) | |
| www.kscnet.ru (2019) |
| Naumov et al. (2008) |
| kimberlites of Udachnaya-East pipe (Siberia) +4 other references |
| Golovin (2025) | |
| Litasov et al. (2017) |
| Sharygin et al. (2021) |
| Ganino et al. (2019) |
| Vergasova et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Saudi Geological Survey Open-File ... +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Kamenetsky et al. (2014) |
| Giuliani et al. (2012) +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Vizcayno et al. (1995) |
| Pérez-López et al. (2025) |
| Benavente +2 other references |
| Benavente et al. (2018, September) |
Sweden | |
| Kresten (1990) |
Tanzania | |
| Mitchell (2006) |
Uganda | |
| Kasedde et al. (2014) |
UK | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : ... |
Ukraine | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
United Arab Emirates | |
| Audra et al. (2017) |
USA | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| Kampf et al. (2025) | |
| Jones (1961) +4 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) +3 other references |
| Foshag (1920c) +2 other references | |
| Washington et al. (1921) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Hon et al. (2009) | |
| Albemarle Corporation |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Philip Simmons (http://www.mindat.org/mesg-7-237193.html) +6 other references |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Philip (2013) |
Quick NavTopAbout AphthitaliteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystallographic forms Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesVarietiesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatRadioactivityOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Ilchagh Salt mine, Dandy to Mahneshan road, Zanjan Province, Iran