Alum Group
A group of related mineral species
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About Alum Group
Formula:
XAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O
A generic term for hydrated sulphates of aluminium (or, in the case of the many known synthetic members, other trivalent cations) and an alkali (or comparable monovalent cation).
A large number of synthetic analogues are known.
Alums crystallize in one of three different crystal structures. These classes are called α-, β- and γ-alums.
A large number of synthetic analogues are known.
Alums crystallize in one of three different crystal structures. These classes are called α-, β- and γ-alums.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
152
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:152:8
Chemistry of Alum Group
Mindat Formula:
XAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009916 | Lanmuchangite | Nyburg S C, Steed J, Aleksovska S, Petrusevski V M (2000) Structure of the alums. I. On the sulfate group disorder in the alpha-alums Acta Crystallographica B56 204-209 |  | 2000 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0009915 | Lanmuchangite | Nyburg S C, Steed J, Aleksovska S, Petrusevski V M (2000) Structure of the alums. I. On the sulfate group disorder in the alpha-alums Acta Crystallographica B56 204-209 | | 2000 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0009912 | Alum-(K) | Nyburg S C, Steed J, Aleksovska S, Petrusevski V M (2000) Structure of the alums. I. On the sulfate group disorder in the alpha-alums Acta Crystallographica B56 204-209 | | 2000 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0009911 | Alum-(K) | Nyburg S C, Steed J, Aleksovska S, Petrusevski V M (2000) Structure of the alums. I. On the sulfate group disorder in the alpha-alums Acta Crystallographica B56 204-209 | | 2000 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0010843 | Tschermigite | Abdeen A M, Will G, Schaefer W, Kirfel A, Bargouth M O, Recker K, Weiss A (1981) X-ray and neutron diffraction study of alums II. The crystal structure of methylammonium aluminium alum III. The crystal structure of ammonium aluminium alum Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 157 147-166 |  | 1981 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0019048 | Tschermigite | Larson A C, Cromer D T (1967) Refinement of the alum structures. III. X-ray study of the a alums, K, Rb and NH4Al(SO4)2*12H2O Acta Crystallographica 22 793-800 | | 1967 | Synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0019047 | Alum-(Na) | Larson A C, Cromer D T (1967) Refinement of the alum structures. III. X-ray study of the a alums, K, Rb and NH4Al(SO4)2*12H2O Acta Crystallographica 22 793-800 | | 1967 | Synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0009307 | Alum-(Na) | Cromer D T, Kay M I, Larson A C (1967) Refinement of the alum structures. II. X-ray and neutron diffraction of NaAl(SO4)2*12H2O, gamma alum Acta Crystallographica 22 182-187 | | 1967 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0019046 | Alum-(K) | Larson A C, Cromer D T (1967) Refinement of the alum structures. III. X-ray study of the a alums, K, Rb and NH4Al(SO4)2*12H2O Acta Crystallographica 22 793-800 | | 1967 | Synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0010844 | Tschermigite | Abdeen A M, Will G, Schafer W, Kirfel A, Bargouth M O, Recker K, Weiss A (1981) X-ray and neutron diffraction study of alums: II. The crystal structure of methylammonium aluminium alum III. The crystal structure of ammonium aluminium alum Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 157 147-166 | | 1981 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Synonyms of Alum Group
Other Language Names for Alum Group
German:Alaun
Relationship of Alum Group to other Species
Alum Group Members:
| Alum-(K) | KAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Alum-(Na) | NaAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Lanmuchangite | Tl+Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| Tschermigite | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
Click on any node to view relationships. Formula-derived relationship network for the group members above. Use Find related species to add formula-neighbour species outside the current group view. Solid links show inferred chemical differences; dashed violet links show same-formula crystallographic differences. Hydration states are not treated as relationship changes. These relationships do not imply any real-world substitution reactions between these species.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Alum Group
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-152.html
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Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Alum Group
Reference List:
Lupton, Sydney (1875) VIII.—The formulæ of the alums. Journal of the Chemical Society, 28. 201-206 doi:10.1039/js8752800201
BEEVERS, C. A., LIPSON, H. (1934) Crystal Structure of the Alums. Nature, 134 (3383). 327 doi:10.1038/134327a0
Hill, Arthur E., Kaplan, Nathan (1938) Ternary Systems. XXII. Formation of Solid Solutions from Alums. Journal Of The American Chemical Society, 60 (3) 550-554 doi:10.1021/ja01270a013
Klug, Harold P., Alexander, Leroy (1940) Crystal-Chemical Studies of the Alums. III. Further Solid Solution Studies. Journal Of The American Chemical Society, 62 (11). 2993-2995 doi:10.1021/ja01868a028
Klug, Harold P. (1940) Crystal-Chemical Studies of the Alums. II. The Purple Chrome Alums. Journal Of The American Chemical Society, 62 (11). 2992-2993 doi:10.1021/ja01868a027
Klug, Harold P., Alexander, Leroy (1942) Crystal-Chemical Studies of the Alums. IV. Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion. Journal Of The American Chemical Society, 64 (8). 1819-1820 doi:10.1021/ja01260a020
Ledsham, A. H. C., Steeple, H. (1969) The classification of the chromium alums. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 25 (2) 398-400 doi:10.1107/s0567740869002305
Lambert, Jack L., Lambert, Michael W. (1970) The alums: Interchangeable elements in a versatile crystal structure. Journal of Chemical Education, 47. 465pp. doi:10.1021/ed047p465
Eckert, J.; Eysel, H. H.; Kampffmeyer, G. L. (1976) Einkristall‐Raman‐Spektren von Alaunen. II. [1]. Raman‐aktive Gitterschwingungen und FIR‐Spektren. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 424 (1). 81-86 doi:10.1002/zaac.19764240112
Eysel, Hans Hermann; Eckert, J. (1976) Einkristall‐Raman‐Spektren von Alaunen. I. Innere Schwingungen, Frequenzbereich 300 bis 1200 cm−1. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 424 (1). 68-80 doi:10.1002/zaac.19764240111
Nyburg, Stanley C., Steed, Jon W., Aleksovska, Slobotka, Petruševski, Vladimir M. (2000) Structure of the alums. I. On the sulfate group disorder in the α-alums. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 56 (2) 204-209 doi:10.1107/s0108768199014846
Petruševski, V.M, Ivanovski, V, Šoptrajanov, B, Zugik, M (2001) Vibrational spectra of hexaaqua complexes. X. Raman and IR studies of the sulfate group disorder in α-alums. Journal of Molecular Structure, 563. 329-333 doi:10.1016/s0022-2860(00)00885-1
Localities for Alum Group
Showing 308 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Argentina | |
| [Alum-(K)] Saravia (1960) |
| Saravia (1960) |
| Saravia (1960) |
| [Alum-(K)] Bengochea +1 other reference |
| Vidal et al. (2016) |
Austria | |
| [Alum-(K)] Strasser (1989) |
| [Tschermigite] Postl et al. (2020) |
| [Tschermigite] Meixner (1954) |
| Stur 1865 |
| Walter et al. (1983) |
| [Alum-(K)] - (1994, July) |
Belgium | |
| [Tschermigite] Leduc et al. (2012) |
Bolivia | |
| [Alum-(K)] [www.hedegaard.com] +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K)] Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Brazil | |
| [Tschermigite] Waber et al. (1992) +2 other references |
Bulgaria | |
| [Tschermigite] Elena Shcherbakova (2010) |
Canada | |
| Greengrass et al. (1999) |
Cape Verde | |
| [Alum-(Na)] Silva et al. (2019) |
Chile | |
| [Alum-(K), Alum-(Na)] Chukanov et al. (2016) |
| [Alum-(K)] Palache et al. (1951) |
| [Alum-(K)] Aguilera et al. (2016) | |
China | |
| [Alum-(K), Lanmuchangite] Chen Daiyan et al. (2001) |
| [Tschermigite] Stracher et al. (2005) |
| Zheng et al. (2025) |
| [Alum-(K)] Wen et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K)] Liu et al. (2024) |
Czech Republic | |
| [Tschermigite] Žáček et al. (1995) |
| [Tschermigite] Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Breiter K. (1976) |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Breiter K. (1976) | |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Breiter K. (1976) |
| [Tschermigite] Harapát |
| [Tschermigite] Jirásek (2001) |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Breiter K. (1976) |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Breiter K. (1976) |
| [Tschermigite] Scharm +7 other references | |
| [Tschermigite] Matýsek et al. (2022) |
| [Tschermigite] Košek (2018) +1 other reference | |
| [Tschermigite] Hofmanovi P. a R.: Příspěvek k ... |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Hršelová et al. (2013) |
| [Tschermigite] www.handbookofmineralogy.org (n.d.) |
| [Tschermigite] Sekanina (1948) +1 other reference |
| [Tschermigite] Duda +1 other reference |
| [Tschermigite] Varilová et al. (2011) |
DR Congo | |
| [Tschermigite] Palache et al. (1951) |
Ecuador | |
| Schütte et al. (2012) |
| Schütte et al. (2012) | |
Estonia | |
| Environmental Geology November 1999 |
France | |
| [Tschermigite] Audra et al. (2007) |
| [Tschermigite] Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
| R. Pierrot |
| [Tschermigite] www.geoforum.fr (2018) | |
Germany | |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Walenta (1992) |
| [Alum-(K)] Aufschluss 1984 (1) |
| [Alum-(K)] Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| [Tschermigite] Giesler et al. (2020) |
| [Alum-(K)] Weiß (1990) |
| [Alum-(Na)] |
| [Alum-(K)] Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +2 other references |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Blass et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Košek (2018) | |
| [Alum-(K)] Frenzel (1964) |
| [Alum-(K)] Schneider (1991) |
| [Tschermigite] Thomas Kleser Collection / Analyses by ... |
| [Alum-(K)] Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| [Tschermigite] Thalheim +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] EDX and XRD confirmed by Dr. Th. Witzke |
| [Alum-(K)] Witzke et al. (1998) |
| [Alum-(Na)] King (n.d.) |
| [Alum-(K)] Wittern (2001) |
| www.untertage.com (n.d.) |
Greece | |
| [Alum-(K)] Daniel Hummer Collection |
| [Alum-(K)] Rieck (n.d.) |
Guatemala | |
| [Alum-(Na)] www.excaliburmineral.com |
Hungary | |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] GEODA 2007/1 |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Lovász & Szabó (2014) |
| [Alum-(K)] Own collecting and analysed (2005) |
| [Alum-(K)] Geoda | |
| [Alum-(Na)] Mecsek-Oko |
| [Tschermigite] Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| [Tschermigite] Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| [Alum-(Na)] Szakáll et al. (1997) |
Iran | |
| [Alum-(K)] Bariand et al. (1977) |
Ireland | |
| [Alum-(K)] Alfredo Petrov specimen (obtained from Dr Marco Marcchesini) |
Italy | |
| [Tschermigite] D’Angeli et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K)] Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| [Alum-(K)] Scacchi A. (1849) +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K)] Russo et al. (2004) |
| [Alum-(K)] Russo +1 other reference | |
| [Alum-(K)] Russo et al. (2017) |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Mormone et al. (2015, April) +1 other reference | |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] 70.1911encyclopedia.org (n.d.) | |
| [Tschermigite] Russo et al. (2017) | |
| [Alum-(K)] Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K)] Pelloux (1927) +3 other references | |
| [Alum-(K)] Pellino et al. (2025) | |
| [Alum-(K)] Del Caldo et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| [Tschermigite] Ciriotti et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K)] Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| [Alum-(K)] Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| [Alum-(K)] Brescia et al. (2025) |
| [Tschermigite] Palache et al. (1951) |
| Russo (2006) |
| [Alum-(K)] Russo (2006) |
| [Alum-(K)] Russo (2006) |
| [Alum-(K), Alum-(Na), Tschermigite] Cossa (1881) +3 other references |
| [Alum-(K)] Cossa (1881) +3 other references |
| [Alum-(K), Alum-(Na)] Panichi (1914) +2 other references |
| [Alum-(K)] COSSA A. (1881) | |
| [Alum-(K)] Campostrini et al. (2011) | |
| Dill (1979) |
| [Alum-(K)] Bazzoni et al. (2015) |
| [Tschermigite] Rögner et al. (2007) |
| [Alum-(K), Alum-(K) var: Thallium-bearing Alum-(K)] Biagioni et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K)] Mauro D. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Benvenuti et al. (1990) |
| [Alum-(K)] Biagioni et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| [Tschermigite] Coradossi (1973) |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] 9 (2) +3 other references |
Japan | |
| [Tschermigite] SHIMOBAYASHI et al. (2011) |
| [Alum-(K)] Ibaraki et al. (1991) |
| [Alum-(K)] Ibaraki et al. (1991) | |
| [Alum-(K)] Petrov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Wakimizu (1908) |
Kenya | |
| [Tschermigite] Bowell et al. (1996) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Filippov et al. (2013) |
Lebanon | |
| [Alum-(Na)] Kruszewski (2019) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| [Alum-(K)] Wilson W.E. (2024) | |
New Zealand | |
| [Tschermigite] Martin et al. (1999) |
| [Tschermigite] Johnstone (1979) |
| [Tschermigite] Rod Martin et al. (NZ) |
| [Tschermigite] Johnstone (1979) | |
Nicaragua | |
| [Alum-(Na)] Stoiber et al. (1974) |
| Lipson et al. (2024) |
North Macedonia | |
| [Lanmuchangite] EDS and PXRD analyzed by Joy Desor. |
Norway | |
| [Alum-(K)] L. Kruszewski specimen |
Pakistan | |
| [Alum-(K)] M. Qasim Jan et al. (1985) |
Peru | |
| [Tschermigite] Ciesielczuk et al. (2013) |
Poland | |
| [Alum-(K)] Marszałek +2 other references |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K), Alum-(Na), Tschermigite] Ciesielczuk et al. (2014) |
| [Alum-(K)] Berg G. 1935: Erläuterungen zu Blatt ... |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Alum-(K)] Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Tschermigite] Fabiańska et al. (2013) |
| [Tschermigite] Lukasz Kruszewski Minerals arising in cause of underground fires of "Skalny" coal mine dump in Laziska (unpublished) +1 other reference |
| [Tschermigite] Parafiniuk et al. (2009) |
| [Alum-(K), Alum-(Na), Tschermigite] Kruszewski (2012) |
| [Tschermigite] doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| [Tschermigite] Ł. Kruszewski (PXRD data) +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| [Tschermigite] Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| [Alum-(K)] Flahaut et al. (2018, September) |
| [Alum-(K)] Luigi Chiappino collection | |
Romania | |
| J.A. Brem (1853) |
| [Alum-(K), Alum-(Na)] Łukasz Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF analysis ... |
Russia | |
| [Tschermigite] Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Zhuravkova et al. (2019) |
| [Tschermigite] Zhitova et al. (2018) |
| [Tschermigite] Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
| [Alum-(K), Alum-(Na), Tschermigite] Okrugin (2004) | |
| [Tschermigite] Zhitova et al. (2022) |
Slovakia | |
| [Tschermigite] Duda et al. (1992) |
| [Tschermigite] Koděra et al. (1986) | |
South Africa | |
| [Alum-(K)] Martini (1997) |
| [Tschermigite] Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South Korea | |
| [Alum-(K)] Rutgers College Geological Museum ... |
Spain | |
| [Tschermigite] Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| [Tschermigite] Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| [Alum-(K)] Mingueza et al. (Min. Catalunya/Paragénesis, 2025) |
| [Tschermigite] Crespo et al. (2017) |
Switzerland | |
| [Tschermigite] Stalder et al. (1998) |
| [Alum-(K)] Erik Vercammen collection |
| [Tschermigite] Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| [Tschermigite] D.I.Belakovskiy data |
| [Tschermigite] Lukasz Kruszewski (PXRD) |
| Xinjiang Tacheng International Resources Ltd. |
UK | |
| [Alum-(K)] Ford et al. (1993) |
| [Alum-(K)] Hall (1868) |
| [Alum-(K)] Palache et al. (1951) |
| [Alum-(K)] Livingstone et al. (1983) |
USA | |
| Ransom (1974) |
| Ransom (1974) | |
| [Alum-(K)] Anatoly Kasatkin analyses |
| [Alum-(K), Alum-(Na)] Hanson et al. (2008) |
| Schrader (1915) |
| Schrader (1915) | |
| [Alum-(Na)] Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Keith (1975) | |
| Schrader (1915) |
| Schrader & Hill (1915) |
| Schrader (1915) |
| [Alum-(K)] Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| [Tschermigite] Adams et al. (2014) |
| [Tschermigite] Adams et al. (2014) | |
| [Alum-(K)] Adams et al. (2014) | |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Dana 7: I: 143 +2 other references |
| [Alum-(K)] California State University (2000) +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K)] Weber (1963) +3 other references |
| [Tschermigite] Kampf et al. (2024) |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| [Tschermigite] Allen (1927) +4 other references |
| [Alum-(K)] Eckel et al. (1997) |
| [Tschermigite] GSA Field Guide 10 (2007) |
| [Alum-(K)] Eckel et al. (1997) |
| [Tschermigite] Carnegie Museum of Natural History ... |
| [Tschermigite] Carnegie Museum of Natural History ... | |
| Robinson (1825) |
| Robinson (1825) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| [Alum-(K)] Erd et al. (1960) |
| [Alum-(K)] Erd et al. (1960) |
| [Alum-(K)] Erd et al. (1960) |
| [Alum-(K)] Erd et al. (1960) | |
| [Alum-(K)] Erd et al. (1960) |
| [Tschermigite] Hower et al. (2013) |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| Report upon the condition and progress ... |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| [Alum-(K)] Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD analysis) +3 other references |
| [Alum-(K)] Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
| [Tschermigite] Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Elston (1968) | |
| Lindgren et al. (1910) |
| [Alum-(Na)] | |
| Hash et al. (1951) | |
| Bannister +1 other reference | |
| Bannister (1869) | |
| [Alum-(Na)] Coskren et al. (2000) |
| [Tschermigite] Richards et al. (2017) |
| [Alum-(K)] Carlson (2015) |
| [Alum-(K)] Carlson (2015) |
| [Alum-(K)] Carlson (2015) |
| [Tschermigite] Lapham (Oct, 1972) +2 other references |
| [Tschermigite] Matt Livingood |
| [Tschermigite] Montgomery (Sep, 1972) +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K)] Montgomery (Jan, 1963) +2 other references |
| [Tschermigite] Finkelman et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Lapham et al. (1980) |
| [Alum-(K)] Downey et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| [Tschermigite] Lapham (Oct, 1972) +2 other references | |
| www.gamineral.org |
| [Alum-(K), Tschermigite] Bernard et al. (2004) |
| Ransom (1974) |
| [Alum-(K)] Plášil et al. (2023) |
| [Tschermigite] Palache et al. (1951) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| [Tschermigite] Wendlandt et al. (2006) |
| [Alum-(K)] Bullock (1981) |
| Morrill & Chaffee |
| Child | |
| Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
| [Tschermigite] Palache et al. (1951) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Lu et al. (2024) |
Lichtenberg Absetzer dump, Kauern, Greiz District, Thuringia, Germany