MAST: New Catalogs module using VO-TAP

[snbianco]

This pull request introduces a major refactor and modernization of the Catalogs interface in the MAST module, focusing on switching from the portal and catalogs.mast to VO-TAP. This interface has unified query workflows and enhanced discovery and filtering capabilities. It's a big one!

For a quick rundown of the intended workflow, I recommend starting with the new documentation (mast_catalog.rst).

MAST Catalogs Interface Refactor and Enhancements:

• The Catalogs interface is now centered around VO-TAP queries, replacing previous catalog-specific assumptions. It introduces new discovery helpers (get_collections, get_catalogs, get_column_metadata) and adds a supports_spatial_queries method to check for positional-query support before querying.
• Query methods (query_criteria, query_region, query_object) have been unified to support both positional and non-positional searches, with features such as cone and region searches, column selection, sorting, count-only queries, pagination (limit/offset), and advanced filtering.
• Several legacy parameters and methods are deprecated, including version, pagesize, page, and HSC-specific helpers, in favor of the new, more general interface.
• The CatalogCollection class represents a collection of catalogs. The Catalogs class uses an internal CatalogCollection object in both the discovery and query methods.

Testing and Documentation Updates:

• The test data README now includes detailed instructions for generating new TAP-related test files, such as tap_collections.json, tap_catalogs.vot, tap_columns.vot, tap_capabilities.xml, and tap_results.vot, supporting the new catalog interface.
• mast_catalog.rst is updated to reflect the new refactor.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 97.30114% with 19 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 73.76%. Comparing base (a1fee2a) to head (b16163e).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
astroquery/mast/collections.py	97.11%	14 Missing ⚠️
astroquery/mast/catalog_collection.py	97.66%	5 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3582      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   73.22%   73.76%   +0.53%     
==========================================
  Files         226      227       +1     
  Lines       21000    21479     +479     
==========================================
+ Hits        15378    15844     +466     
- Misses       5622     5635      +13     

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