Polybasite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Polybasite
Formula:
[Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4]
Colour:
Black with dark ruby red internal reflections
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
6.1
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek ฯฮฟฮปฯฯ, poly, "many" and ฮฒฮฌฯฮนฯ, basis, "a base" in allusion to the many base elements present.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Pearceite-Polybasite series.
One of the four "ruby silvers" (pyrargyrite, proustite and miargyrite are the other three).
Two structural varieties (trigonal, P321, corresponding to the polytype T2ac, and monoclinic, C2/c, corresponding to the polytype M2a2b2c) are reported by Evain et al. (2006). The third polytype is Tac, space group P-3m1.
In a nomenclature change in 2006, the old name antimonpearceite was replaced by polybasite-Tac, arsenpolybasite-221 by pearceite-T2ac, arsenpolybasite-222 by pearceite-M2a2b2c, polybasite-221 by polybasite-T2ac, and polybasite-222 by polybasite-M2a2b2c (Bindi et al., 2007).
Regarding the type locality, see: https://www.mindat.org/mesg-576969.html
Structure details:
* a sequence (along c), of two alternating layers:
* a [Ag6Sb2S7]2- layer (A), and
* a [Ag10S4]2+ layer (B), with linearly-coordinated metal positions (B sites), usually occupied by Cu, thus leading to[Ag9CuS4]2+ composition.
One of the four "ruby silvers" (pyrargyrite, proustite and miargyrite are the other three).
Two structural varieties (trigonal, P321, corresponding to the polytype T2ac, and monoclinic, C2/c, corresponding to the polytype M2a2b2c) are reported by Evain et al. (2006). The third polytype is Tac, space group P-3m1.
In a nomenclature change in 2006, the old name antimonpearceite was replaced by polybasite-Tac, arsenpolybasite-221 by pearceite-T2ac, arsenpolybasite-222 by pearceite-M2a2b2c, polybasite-221 by polybasite-T2ac, and polybasite-222 by polybasite-M2a2b2c (Bindi et al., 2007).
Regarding the type locality, see: https://www.mindat.org/mesg-576969.html
Structure details:
* a sequence (along c), of two alternating layers:
* a [Ag6Sb2S7]2- layer (A), and
* a [Ag10S4]2+ layer (B), with linearly-coordinated metal positions (B sites), usually occupied by Cu, thus leading to[Ag9CuS4]2+ composition.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3256
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3256:4
IMA Classification of Polybasite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
[Ag9CuS4][(Ag,Cu)6(Sb,As)2S7]
First published:
1829
Classification of Polybasite
2.GB.15
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
B : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. with additional S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
B : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. with additional S
3.1.7.2
3 : SULFOSALTS
1 : รธ > 4
3 : SULFOSALTS
1 : รธ > 4
5.2.12
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
2 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Ag
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
2 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Ag
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Plb | IMAโCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Plb | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Polybasite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Polybasite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black with dark ruby red internal reflections
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
Imperfect on {001}
Imperfect on {001}
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
6.1 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.36 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Polybasite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
Anisotropism:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
X = c; Y = a.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 33.9% | 32.5% |
| 420nm | 33.6% | 32.8% |
| 440nm | 33.4% | 33.0% |
| 460nm | 33.0% | 33.9% |
| 480nm | 32.4% | 34.0% |
| 500nm | 31.9% | 33.8% |
| 520nm | 31.3% | 33.4% |
| 540nm | 30.8% | 32.8% |
| 560nm | 30.5% | 32.2% |
| 580nm | 30.2% | 31.7% |
| 600nm | 29.8% | 31.1% |
| 620nm | 29.3% | 30.5% |
| 640nm | 29.1% | 29.3% |
| 660nm | 27.3% | 29.1% |
| 680nm | 27.2% | 28.4% |
| 700nm | 26.7% | 27.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 34.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Gray white
Internal Reflections:
Red
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
n>2.72
Chemistry of Polybasite
Mindat Formula:
[Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4]
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
As,Fe
Crystallography of Polybasite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
Comment:
| Polybasite-M2a2b2c | Polybasite-T2ac | Polybasite-Tac |
|---|---|---|
| [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| Monoclinic | Trigonal | Trigonal |
| 2/m - Prismatic | 3 2 - Trapezohedral | 3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral |
| B2/b | P3 2 1 | P3m1 |
| C2/c | ||
| a = 26.2625(4) Å, b = 15.1623(5) Å, c = 24.1061(6) Å β = 90.045(5)° | a = 15.0954(12) Å, c = 11.8825(8) Å | a = 7.40-7.60 Å, c = 11.86-12.06 Å |
| a:b:c = 1.732 : 1 : 1.59 | a:c = 1 : 0.787 | a:c = 1 : 1.603 |
| V 9599 ร ยณ | V 2,344.92 ร
ยณ (Calculated from Unit Cell) | V 562.44 ร
ยณ (Calculated from Unit Cell) |
| 16 | 4 | 1 |
| Data for very Ag-rich sample (Bindi & Menchetti, 2009). Evain et al. (2006) give (measured at 100 K) 26.188โ (3), 15.1199โ (18), 23.784โ (3) โซ, 90ยฐ (no s.u. given). | Data from Evain et al. (2006); measured at 120 K. | Bindi et al. (2007) give: a = 7.4805(5), c = 11.8836(13) ร , V 575.89(8). Other unit-cell parameters reported: a = 7.455, c = 11.847 โซ. Three Se-bearing samples (Mรกrquez-Zavalรญa et al., 2008) have the following unit-cell parameters: 7.425(2), 11.853(4) ร , 7.465(1), 11.908(3) ร , 7.521(1), 11.965(3) ร . |
Crystallographic forms of Polybasite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019922 | Polybasite | Bindi L, Voudouris P, Spry P G (2013) Structural role of tellurium in the minerals of the pearceite-polybasite group Mineralogical Magazine 77 419-428 | 2013 | Cycladic Blueschist Unit, Kallianou deposit, Evia Island, Greece | 0 | 293 | |
| 0004814 | Polybasite | Bindi L, Menchetti S (2009) Adding further complexity to the polybasite structure: The role of Ag in the B layer of the -M2a2b2c polytype American Mineralogist 94 151-155 | ![]() | 2009 | Gowganda, Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada | 0 | 293 |
| 0009938 | Polybasite | Evain M, Bindi L, Menchetti S (2006) Structural compexity in minerals: twinning, polytypism and disorder in the crystal structure of polybasite, (Ag,Cu)16(Sb,As)2S11 Acta Crystallographica B62 447-456 | ![]() | 2006 | Hidalgo, Mexico | 0 | 293 |
| 0009937 | Polybasite | Evain M, Bindi L, Menchetti S (2006) Structural compexity in minerals: twinning, polytypism and disorder in the crystal structure of polybasite, (Ag,Cu)16(Sb,As)2S11 Acta Crystallographica B62 447-456 | ![]() | 2006 | Hidalgo, Mexico | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.00 ร | (100) |
| 3.19 ร | (90) |
| 2.88 ร | (80) |
| 2.53 ร | (60) |
| 1.892 ร | (60) |
| 2.70 ร | (50) |
| 2.42 ร | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
In low to medium temperature hydrothermal veins
Type Occurrence of Polybasite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany, 6867
Synonyms of Polybasite
Other Language Names for Polybasite
Dutch:Polybasiet
German:Polybasit
Eugenglanz
Polibasit
Sprรถdglaserz (in part)
Eugenglanz
Polibasit
Sprรถdglaserz (in part)
Simplified Chinese:็กซ้้้ถ็ฟ
Spanish:Polybasita
Relationship of Polybasite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Pearceite-Polybasite Group:
| Argentopearceite | Ag16As2S11 | Trig. 3 2 : P3 2 1 |
| Argentopolybasite | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9AgS4] | Trig. 3 2 : P3 2 1 |
| 'Argentopolybasite-T2ac' | Ag16Sb2S11 | Trig. 3 2 : P3 2 1 |
| Auropearceite | [Ag9AuS4][Ag6As2S7] | Trig. 3 2 : P3 2 1 |
| Auropolybasite | [Ag9AuS4][Ag6Sb2S7] | Trig. 3 2 : P3 2 1 |
| Benleonardite | [Ag6(Sb,As)2S6Te][Ag9Cu(S,Te)2Te2] | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
| Cupropearceite | [Cu6As2S7][Ag9CuS4] | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
| Cupropolybasite | [Cu6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] | Trig. 3m : P3 1m |
| Fengruiite | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS2Te2] | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
| Pearceite | [Ag6As2S7][Ag9CuS4] | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
| Selenopolybasite | [(Ag,Cu)6(Sb,As)2(S,Se)7][Ag9Cu(S,Se)2Se2] | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 180 photos of Polybasite associated with Acanthite | Ag2S |
| 157 photos of Polybasite associated with Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 |
| 126 photos of Polybasite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 101 photos of Polybasite associated with Stephanite | Ag5SbS4 |
| 89 photos of Polybasite associated with Native Silver | Ag |
| 76 photos of Polybasite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 62 photos of Polybasite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 56 photos of Polybasite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 48 photos of Polybasite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 28 photos of Polybasite associated with Marcasite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.GB. | 'Polybasite-Tac' | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| 2.GB. | Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Zn) | [Ag6]4+(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12โป |
| 2.GB. | Argentotetrahedrite-(Hg) | Ag6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Annivite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Bi4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Poลกepnรฝite | (Cu+3โป3)(Hg2+4Cu+2)Sb4Se12(Se0.5โป0.5) |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(Cu) | Cu6(Cu4Cu2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Argentopolybasite | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9AgS4] |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(Mn) | Cu6(Cu4Mn2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Argentotetrahedrite-(Cd) | Ag6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Stibioรบstaleฤite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(Sb2Te2)Se12Se |
| 2.GB. | Stibiogoldfieldite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(Sb2Te2)S12S |
| 2.GB. | Argentotetrahedrite-(Zn) | Ag6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Cd) | Cu6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Arsenogoldfieldite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(As2Te2)S12S |
| 2.GB. | Arsenoรบstaleฤite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(As2Te2)Se12Se |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(In) | Cu6(Cu4(In3+Cu+))As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Zvฤstovite-(Fe) | Ag6(Ag4Fe2+2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Hakite-(Fe) | Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4Se12Se |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(Cd) | Cu6(Cu4Cd2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.X | Kenorozhdestvenskayaite-(Fe) | [Ag6]4+(Ag4Fe2+2)Sb4S12โป |
| 2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Cu) | Cu6(Cu4Cu2+2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Hakite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4Se12Se |
| 2.GB. | Zvฤstovite-(Zn) | Ag6(Ag4Zn2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Hakite-(Cd) | Cu6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4Se12Se |
| 2.GB. | Kenoargentotennantite-(Fe) | [Ag6]4+(Cu4Fe2)As4S12โป |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(Hg) | Cu6(Cu4Hg2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Mn) | Cu6(Cu4Mn2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(Ni) | Cu6(Cu4Ni2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Ni) | Cu6(Cu4Ni2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Hakite-(Hg) | Cu6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4Se12Se |
| 2.GB.05 | Rozhdestvenskayaite-(Zn) | Ag6(Ag4Zn2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Argentotennantite-(Zn) | Ag6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Argentotennantite-(Fe) | Ag6(Cu4Fe2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Freibergite Subgroup | (Ag6,[Ag6]4+)(Cu4 C2+2)Sb4S12S0-1 |
| 2.GB.05 | Tennantite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tennantite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tennantite-(Fe) | Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite-(Fe) | Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite-(Hg) | Cu6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Fe) | [Ag6]4+(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4S12โป |
| 2.GB.05 | Giraudite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4Se12Se |
| 2.GB.05 | Argentotetrahedrite-(Fe) | Ag6(Cu4Fe2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Goldfieldite | (Cu4โป2)(Cu4Cu+2)Te4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | 'UM1992-21-S:AgFeSb' | Ag6(Ag4Fe2+2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.10 | Selenostephanite | Ag5SbSe4 |
| 2.GB.10 | Stephanite | Ag5SbS4 |
| 2.GB.15 | 'UM2003-14-S:AgBiFeTe' | Ag16FeBiTe3S8 |
| 2.GB.15 | 'UM1979-17-S:BiCuFe' | ~Cu18Fe4BiS16 |
| 2.GB.15 | Pearceite | [Ag6As2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| 2.GB.15 | Argentopearceite | Ag16As2S11 |
| 2.GB.15 | Cupropolybasite | [Cu6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| 2.GB.15 | Fengruiite | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS2Te2] |
| 2.GB.15 | Auropearceite | [Ag9AuS4][Ag6As2S7] |
| 2.GB.15 | Selenopolybasite | [(Ag,Cu)6(Sb,As)2(S,Se)7][Ag9Cu(S,Se)2Se2] |
| 2.GB.15 | Auropolybasite | [Ag9AuS4][Ag6Sb2S7] |
| 2.GB.15 | Cupropearceite | [Cu6As2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| 2.GB.20 | Vorontsovite | (Hg5Cu)ฮฃ6TlAs4S12 |
| 2.GB.20 | Ferrovorontsovite | (Fe5Cu)ฮฃ6TlAs4S12 |
| 2.GB.20 | Galkhaite | (Hg5Cu)CsAs4S12 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Silver ore
Internet Links for Polybasite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3256.html
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References for Polybasite
Reference List:
Peacock, M. A., Berry, L. G. (1947) Studies of mineral sulpho-salts: XIIIโPolybasite and pearceite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 28 (196) 1-13 doi:10.1180/minmag.1947.028.196.03
Frondel, Clifford (1963) Isodimorphism and the polybasite and pearceite series. American Mineralogist, 48 (5-6) 565-572
Harlov, D (1995) Ag-Cu exchange equilibria between pyrargyrite, high-skinnerite, and polybasite solutions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59 (5) 867-874 doi:10.1016/00167-0379(50)00151-
Evain, Michel, Bindi, Luca, Menchetti, Silvio (2006) Structural complexity in minerals: twinning, polytypism and disorder in the crystal structure of polybasite, (Ag,Cu)16(Sb,As)2S11. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 62 (3) 447-456 doi:10.1107/s010876810600975x
Bindi, Luca, Evain, Michel, Spry, Paul G., Menchetti, Silvio (2007) The pearceite-polybasite group of minerals: Crystal chemistry and new nomenclature rules. American Mineralogist, 92 (5) 918-925 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2440
Mรกrquez-Zavalรญa, M. F., Bindi, L., Mรกrquez, M., Menchetti, S. (2008) Se-bearing polybasite-Tac from the Martha mine, Macizo del Deseado, Santa Cruz, Argentina. Mineralogy and Petrology, 94 (1) 145-150 doi:10.1007/s00710-008-0001-x
Bindi, Luca, Keutsch, Frank N., Topa, Dan, Kolitsch, Uwe, Morana, Marta, Tait, Kimberly T. (2023) First occurrence of the M2a2b2c polytype of argentopolybasite, [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag10S4]: Structural adjustments in the Cu-free member of the pearceiteโpolybasite group. Mineralogical Magazine, 87 (4) 561-567 doi:10.1180/mgm.2023.30
Localities for Polybasite
Showing 1,045 localities.
Locality List
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- This locality has estimated coordinates.
โ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Double Rainbow Mine, Galena, Galena Mining District, Lawrence County, South Dakota, USA