Lithiophilite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Lithiophilite
Formula:
LiMn2+PO4
Colour:
Reddish-brown, yellowish brown, golden-yellow, salmon-orange, pale grey-green (when Fe-rich); colourless to light yellow, pink in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy
Hardness:
4
Specific Gravity:
3.29 - 3.50
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by George Brush and Edward Dana in 1878 for LITHIum and the Greek ฯฮนฮปฯฯ for "friend" in allusion to its composition containing lithium.
Isostructural with:
The Li analogue of natrophilite. The Mn2+ analogue of triphylite and simferite.
Triphylite Group. Triphylite-Lithiophilite Series.
Forms a complete series exists with Triphylite.
Triphylite Group. Triphylite-Lithiophilite Series.
Forms a complete series exists with Triphylite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2418
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2418:7
IMA Classification of Lithiophilite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
LiMn2+(PO4)
First published:
1878
Classification of Lithiophilite
8.AB.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
B : With medium-sized cations
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
B : With medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
38.1.1.2
38.1.1.2
38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
1 : ABXO4
38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
1 : ABXO4
19.1.10
19 : Phosphates
1 : Phosphates of the alkali metals
19 : Phosphates
1 : Phosphates of the alkali metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Lhp | IMAโCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Lph | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Lithiophilite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Reddish-brown, yellowish brown, golden-yellow, salmon-orange, pale grey-green (when Fe-rich); colourless to light yellow, pink in transmitted light.
Comment:
Low-Fe material is pale pinkish brown to orange.
Streak:
Colorless to Grayish White
Hardness:
4 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Very Good
On {001} nearly perfect; on {010} imperfect; on {011} interrupted.
On {001} nearly perfect; on {010} imperfect; on {011} interrupted.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.29 - 3.50 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.433 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Value for the Mn end-member.
Optical Data of Lithiophilite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.663 - 1.685 nβ = 1.663 - 1.685 nγ = 1.673 - 1.691
2V:
Measured: 30° to 70°, Calculated: 68°
Birefringence:
0.008
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.006 - 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
strong r < v
Orientation:
X = a; Y = c; Z =b, for Lhp100Trp0 through Lhp50Trp50
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X= deep pink
Y= pale greenish yellow
Z= pale pink
Y= pale greenish yellow
Z= pale pink
Comments:
May be black due to oxidation and staining; Mg reduces RI (Am Min 28:90 (1943))
measured 2Vยฐ ranges from near 70ยฐ for near end-member lithiophilite, down to near 30ยฐ for Lhp50Trp50.
measured 2Vยฐ ranges from near 70ยฐ for near end-member lithiophilite, down to near 30ยฐ for Lhp50Trp50.
Chemistry of Lithiophilite
Mindat Formula:
LiMn2+PO4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Mg,Ca,Fe
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| P2O5 | 44,33 % | 45.92 % |
| FeO | 14,94 % | |
| MnO | 30,74 % | 43.16 % |
| MgO | 0,06 % | |
| CaO | 0,10 % | 0.58 % |
| Na2O | 0,04 % | |
| Li2O | 9,00 % | |
| H2O+ | 0,14 % | |
| Insol | 0,63 % | |
| Li2O, calc | 10.33 % | |
| SiO2 | 0.03 % | |
| Total: | 97 % | 100.02 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 2 | Li1.07(Ca0.01Mn0.94)0.95P1.00O4 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Buranga pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda | ||
| 2 | Manjaka, Sahatany Valley, Ibity, Antsirabe II District, Vakinankaratra, Madagascar | Li2O calculated |
Crystallography of Lithiophilite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pmna
Setting:
Pmna
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.094(5) Å, b = 10.427(5) Å, c = 4.743(1) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.584 : 1 : 0.455
Unit Cell V:
301.38 ร
ยณ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals rare; commonly coarse with uneven surfaces; stout prismatic [001]. Usually massive, rarely granular.
Twinning:
Rare contact twins on {130}
Comment:
Pmnb AC (1960) 13: 325; Isotypic with olivine
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019733 | Sicklerite | Hatert F, Ottolini L, Wouters J, Fontan F (2012) A structural study of the lithiophilite-sicklerite series Sample 5, deep orange The Canadian Mineralogist 50 843-854 | 2012 | Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite, Altai Mountains, northwestern China | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019732 | Sicklerite | Hatert F, Ottolini L, Wouters J, Fontan F (2012) A structural study of the lithiophilite-sicklerite series Sample 4, orange The Canadian Mineralogist 50 843-854 | 2012 | Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite, Altai Mountains, northwestern China | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019731 | Sicklerite | Hatert F, Ottolini L, Wouters J, Fontan F (2012) A structural study of the lithiophilite-sicklerite series Sample 3, yellow The Canadian Mineralogist 50 843-854 | 2012 | Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite, Altai Mountains, northwestern China | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019730 | Lithiophilite | Hatert F, Ottolini L, Wouters J, Fontan F (2012) A structural study of the lithiophilite-sicklerite series Sample 2, light yellow The Canadian Mineralogist 50 843-854 | 2012 | Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite, Altai Mountains, northwestern China | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019729 | Lithiophilite | Hatert F, Ottolini L, Wouters J, Fontan F (2012) A structural study of the lithiophilite-sicklerite series Sample 1, colorless The Canadian Mineralogist 50 843-854 | 2012 | Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite, Altai Mountains, northwestern China | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005977 | Lithiophilite | Losey A, Rakovan J F, Hughes J M, Francis C A, Dyar M D (2004) Structural variation in the lithiophilite-triphylite series and other olivine-group structures The Canadian Mineralogist 42 1105-1115 |  | 2004 | Fillow Quarry, Branchville, Connecticut | 0 | 293 |
| 0005976 | Lithiophilite | Losey A, Rakovan J F, Hughes J M, Francis C A, Dyar M D (2004) Structural variation in the lithiophilite-triphylite series and other olivine-group structures The Canadian Mineralogist 42 1105-1115 | | 2004 | Bennett Quarry, Buckfield, Maine | 0 | 293 |
| 0009238 | Lithiophilite | Geller S, Durand J L (1960) Refinement of the structure of LiMnPO4 Acta Crystallographica 13 325-331 |  | 1960 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0017985 | Lithiophilite | Bjoerling C, Westgren A (1938) Minerals of the Varutrask pegmatite. IX. X-ray studies on triphylite, varulite, and their oxidation products _cod_database_code 1011089 Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandlingar 60 67-72 | 1938 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.23 ร | (60) |
| 4.31 ร | (60) |
| 3.96 ร | (30) |
| 3.52 ร | (70) |
| 3.05 ร | (90) |
| 2.55 ร | (100) |
| 2.49 ร | (30) |
| 1.762 ร | (30) |
Comments:
ICDD 33-803; also 33-804, 13-336, 33-802 (oxidized and Li leached).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Geological Setting:
Granite pegmatites, especially the "complex" type containing lithium and phosphate species.
Type Occurrence of Lithiophilite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Irregular rounded masses to 7.5 cm in diameter.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, numbers 3.5641 3.5645.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Granite pegmatite.
Synonyms of Lithiophilite
Other Language Names for Lithiophilite
Dutch:Lithiophiliet
German:Lithiophilit
Lithiolit
Lithiolit
Simplified Chinese:็ฃท้ฐ้็ฟ
Spanish:Lithiolita
Lithiophilita
Lithiophilita
Varieties of Lithiophilite
| Sicklerite | DISCREDITED (intermediate phases in the lithiophilite–purpurite series). Occurs only as an alteration product of Triphylite and Lithiophilite, commonly as rims around partly altered masses or crystals of the latter species. Ferrisicklerite and Sickler... |
Relationship of Lithiophilite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Triphylite Group:
| Heterosite | Fe3+(PO4) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| Karenwebberite | NaFe2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Natrophilite | NaMn2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| Purpurite | Mn3+(PO4) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| Simferite | LiMg(PO4) | Orth. |
| Triphylite | LiFe2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 27 photos of Lithiophilite associated with 'Cleavelandite' | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 20 photos of Lithiophilite associated with Hureaulite | Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 18 photos of Lithiophilite associated with Purpurite | Mn3+(PO4) |
| 17 photos of Lithiophilite associated with Vivianite | Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 15 photos of Lithiophilite associated with 'Sicklerite' | Li1-x(Mn3+xMn2+1-x)PO4 |
| 12 photos of Lithiophilite associated with Natrophilite | NaMn2+PO4 |
| 11 photos of Lithiophilite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 9 photos of Lithiophilite associated with Phosphosiderite | FePO4 ยท 2H2O |
| 8 photos of Lithiophilite associated with Fairfieldite | Ca2Mn2+(PO4)2 ยท 2H2O |
| 8 photos of Lithiophilite associated with Dickinsonite-(KMnNa) | (KNa)(Mn2+โป)Ca(Na2Na)Mn2+13Al(PO4)11(PO4)(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.AB. | Kryzaite | Na4(MgCr)(PO4)3 |
| 8.AB. | Niasite | Ni2+4.5(AsO4)3 |
| 8.AB. | Johanngeorgenstadtite | Ni2+4.5(AsO4)3 |
| 8.AB. | Rodolicoite | Fe3+PO4 |
| 8.AB. | Karwowskiite | Ca9Mg(Fe2+0.5โป0.5)(PO4)7 |
| 8.AB. | Olsenite | KFe4(PO4)3 |
| 8.AB. | Borisenkoite | Cu3[(V,As)O4]2 |
| 8.AB.05 | Farringtonite | Mg3(PO4)2 |
| 8.AB.10 | Natrophilite | NaMn2+PO4 |
| 8.AB.10 | 'Sicklerite' | Li1-x(Mn3+xMn2+1-x)PO4 |
| 8.AB.10 | Simferite | LiMg(PO4) |
| 8.AB.10 | Heterosite | Fe3+(PO4) |
| 8.AB.10 | Karenwebberite | NaFe2+PO4 |
| 8.AB.10 | Triphylite | LiFe2+PO4 |
| 8.AB.10 | 'Ferrisicklerite' | Li1-x(Fe3+xFe2+1-x)PO4 |
| 8.AB.10 | Purpurite | Mn3+(PO4) |
| 8.AB.15 | Zavalรญaite | Mn2+3(PO4)2 |
| 8.AB.15 | Chopinite | Mg3(PO4)2 |
| 8.AB.15 | Sarcopside | Fe2+3(PO4)2 |
| 8.AB.20 | Beusite | Mn2+Mn2+2 (PO4)2 |
| 8.AB.20 | Graftonite-(Ca) | CaFe2+2(PO4)2 |
| 8.AB.20 | Graftonite-(Mn) | MnFe2+2(PO4)2 |
| 8.AB.20 | Graftonite | Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 |
| 8.AB.20 | Beusite-(Ca) | CaMn2+2(PO4)2 |
| 8.AB.25 | Xanthiosite | Ni3(AsO4)2 |
| 8.AB.30 | Lammerite | Cu3(AsO4)2 |
| 8.AB.30 | Paralammerite | Cu3(AsO4)2 |
| 8.AB.35 | Mcbirneyite | Cu3(VO4)2 |
| 8.AB.35 | Pseudolyonsite | Cu3(VO4)2 |
| 8.AB.35 | Stranskiite | Zn2Cu(AsO4)2 |
| 8.AB.40 | Michalskiite | Fe3+1.33Cu2+2(MgFe3+)2(VO4)6 |
| 8.AB.40 | Lyonsite | Cu3Fe4(VO4)6 |
Fluorescence of Lithiophilite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Lithiophilite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2418.html
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References for Lithiophilite
Reference List:
Landes, Kenneth K. (1925) The paragenesis of the granite pegmatites of central Maine. American Mineralogist, 10 (11) 355-411 pp.382-383
Schairer, J. F. (1926) Lithiophilite and other rare phosphates from Portland, Connecticut. American Mineralogist, 11 (4). 101-104
Zambonini, F.; Malossi, L. (1931) Riproduzione artificiale della litiofilite [Synthesis of lithiophilite]. Zeitschrift fรผr Kristallographie, 80 (1-6). 442-454 doi:10.1524/zkri.1931.80.1.442
Quensel (1937) Geologiska Fรถeningens I Stockholm. Fรถrhandlinger, Stockholm: 59: 77.(Berggren analysis)
Bjรถrling, Carl Olof; Westgren, A. (1938) Minerals of the Varutrรคsk Pegmatite. IX. X-Ray Studies on Triphylite, Varulite, and their Oxidation Products. Geologiska Fรถreningen i Stockholm Fรถrhandlingar, 60 (1). 67-72 doi:10.1080/11035893809443985
Quensel, Percy (1940) Minerals of the Varutrรคsk Pegmatite. XVI. Lithiophilite, a third primary alkali-manganese phosphate from Varutrรคsk. Geologiska Fรถreningen i Stockholm Fรถrhandlingar, 62 (3). 291-296 doi:10.1080/11035894009452798
Mason, Brian (1941) Minerals of the Varutrรคsk Pegmatite. XXIII. Some iron-manganese phosphate minerals and their alteration products, with special reference to material from Varutrรคsk. Geologiska Fรถreningen i Stockholm Fรถrhandlingar, 63 (2). 117-174 doi:10.1080/11035894109447128
Mason, Brian (1942) Some iron-manganese phosphate minerals from the pegmatite at Hรผhnerkobel in Bavaria. Geologiska Fรถreningen i Stockholm Fรถrhandlingar, 64 (3) 335-340 doi:10.1080/11035894209446083
Chapman, Carleton A. (1943) Large magnesia-rich triphylite crystals in pegmatite. American Mineralogist, 28 (2) 90-98
Geller, S., Durand, J. L. (1960) Refinement of the structure of LiMnPO4. Acta Crystallographica, 13 (4) 325-331 doi:10.1107/s0365110x60002521
Hurlbut, C. S., Aristarain, and L. F. (1968) Beusite, a new mineral from Argentina, and the graftonite-beusite series. American Mineralogist, 53 (11-12) 1799-1814 p.1804
Kosals, Ya.A. (1968) Discoveries of lithiophilite, manganotantalite-columbite, and beryl in zones of albitization of gneisses. International Geology Review, 10 (1) 23-25 doi:10.1080/00206816809474848
Fransolet, Andriรฉ-Mathieu, Antenucci, Diano, Speetjens, Jean-Marie, Tarte, Pierre (1984) An X-ray determinative method for the divalent cation ratio in the triphylite-lithiophilite series. Mineralogical Magazine, 48 (348) 373-381 doi:10.1180/minmag.1984.048.348.07
Shigley, James E., Brown, Gordon E. (1985) Occurrence and alteration of phosphate minerals at the Stewart Pegmatite, Pala District, San Diego County, California. American Mineralogist, 70 (3-4) 395-408
Keller, Paul, Fontan, Franรงois, Fransolet, Andrรฉ-Mathieu (1994) Intercrystalline cation partitioning between minerals of the triplite-zwieselite-magniotriplite and the triphylite-lithiophilite series in granitic pegmatites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 118 (3). 239-248 doi:10.1007/bf00306645
Losey, A., Rakovan, J., Hughes, J. M., Francis, C. A., Dyar, M. D. (2004) Structural variation in the lithiophilite-triphylite series and other olivine-group structures. The Canadian Mineralogist, 42 (4). 1105-1115 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.42.4.1105
Langer, Klaus, Taran, Michail N., Fransolet, Andrรฉ-Mathieu (2006) Electronic absorption spectra of phosphate minerals with olivine-type structures: I. Members of the triphylite-lithiophilite series, M1[6]LiM2[6](Fex2+Mn1-x2+)[PO4]. European Journal of Mineralogy, 18 (3). 337-344 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0337
Galliski, M. A.; Oyarzabal, J. C.; Marquez-Zavalia, M. F.; Chapman, R. (2009) The association qingheiite - beusite - lithiophilite in the Santa Ana pegmatite, San Luis, Argentina. The Canadian Mineralogist, 47 (5). 1213-1223 doi:10.3749/canmin.47.5.1213
Hatert, Frรฉdรฉric (2010) A structural study of the lithiophilite-sicklerite series. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, 66 (a1). s184 doi:10.1107/s0108767310095851
Hatert, F., Ottolini, L., Wouters, J., Fontan, F. (2012) A Structural study of the Lithiophilite-sicklerite series. The Canadian Mineralogist, 50 (4) 843-854 doi:10.3749/canmin.50.4.843
Frost, Ray L., Xi, Yunfei, Scholz, Ricardo, Lรณpez, Andrรฉs, Belotti, Fernanda M., Chaves, Mรกrio L. S. C. (2013) Raman and Infrared Spectroscopic Characterization of the Phosphate Mineral LithiophiliteโLiMnPO4. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements, 188. 1526-1534 doi:10.1080/10426507.2012.761985
Dyar, M. D., Jawin, E. R., Breves, E., Marchand, G., Nelms, M., Lane, M. D., Mertzman, S. A., Bish, D. L., Bishop, J. L. (2014) Mรถssbauer parameters of iron in phosphate minerals: Implications for interpretation of martian data. American Mineralogist, 99 (5) 914-942 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4701
Roda-Robles, Encarnaciรณn, Pesquera, Alfonso, Garcรญa De Madinabeitia, Sonia, Gil Ibarguchi, Josรฉ-Ignacio, Nizamoff, Jim, Simmons, William, Falster, Alexander, Galliski, Miguel Angel (2014) On the geochemical character of primary Fe-Mn phosphates belonging to the triphylite-lithiophilite, graftonite-beusite, and triplite-zwieselite series: first results and implications for pegmatite petrogenesis. The Canadian Mineralogist, 52 (2). 321-335 doi:10.3749/canmin.52.2.321
Localities for Lithiophilite
Showing 284 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
โ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Foote Lithium Co. Mine, Kings Mountain, Cleveland County, North Carolina, USA