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Haitham bin Tariq

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  • Haitham bin Tariq Al Said
  • هَيْثَم بْن طَارِق آل سَعِيد
Image
Official portrait, 2021
Sultan of Oman
Reign11 January 2020 – present
PredecessorQaboos bin Said
Heir apparentTheyazin bin Haitham
3rd Prime Minister of Oman
Incumbent
Assumed office
11 January 2020
DeputyFahd bin Mahmoud (2020–2026)
Asa'ad bin Tariq (2017–present)
Shihab bin Tariq (2020–present)
Theyazin bin Haitham
(2026–present)
Preceded byQaboos bin Said
Ministerial offices 1986‍–‍present
Minister of Defence
Incumbent
Assumed office
11 January 2020
Preceded byQaboos bin Said
Minister of Heritage and Culture
In office
March 2002 – 1 March 2020
Prime MinisterQaboos bin Said
Preceded byFaisal bin Ali Al Said
Succeeded bySalem bin Mohammed Al Mahrouqi
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
11 January 2020 – 18 August 2020
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byQaboos bin Said
Succeeded byBadr bin Hamad Al Busaidi
Minister of Finance
In office
11 January 2020 – 18 August 2020
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byQaboos bin Said
Succeeded bySultan bin Salem bin Saeed al-Habsi
Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
In office
1994–2002
Prime MinisterQaboos bin Said
Undersecretary of the Foreign Ministry for Political Affairs
In office
1986–1994
Prime MinisterQaboos bin Said
Born (1955-10-11) 11 October 1955 (age 70)
Muscat, Muscat and Oman
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1989)​
Issue
Names
Haitham bin Tariq bin Taimur bin Faisal bin Turki bin Said Al Said
HouseAl Bu Sa'id
FatherTariq bin Taimur Al Said
MotherShawana bint Hamud Al Busaidi
ReligionIbadi Islam
SignatureImage

Haitham bin Tariq Al Said[a] (born 11 October 1955) is Sultan and Prime Minister of Oman. He acceded to the throne in 2020 following the death of his cousin, Sultan Qaboos bin Said, becoming the fifteenth ruler of the Al Bu Said dynasty, which has ruled Oman since the mid-eighteenth century.[1]

Haitham was born in Muscat to Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur, an uncle of Sultan Qaboos who served as his first Prime Minister from 1970 to 1972. He received his primary education at Al Saidiya School in Muscat before continuing his secondary and university studies in the United Kingdom. In 1979, he graduated from the University of Oxford's Foreign Service Programme and later pursued postgraduate studies at Pembroke College, Oxford.[2] Beginning in 1986, Haitham served varying positions in the Cabinet of Oman under Sultan Qaboos, most notably as Minister of Heritage and Culture.[3][4]

Since becoming Sultan, Haitham has largely continued his predecessor's domestic and foreign policy, which saw Oman develop into a stable, modern country. In 2021, he reaffirmed citizens' and residents' freedom of expression and opinion in a revamp of Oman's Basic Statute, while making reforms aimed at further modernizing the state, strengthening public finances, diversifying the economy, and improving government efficiency under Oman Vision 2040.

In foreign affairs, Haitham has maintained Oman's longstanding policy of neutrality, dialogue, and non-interference in regional disputes. Oman has continued to act as a mediator in diplomatic efforts involving neighboring states and international powers, preserving its reputation as a country capable of facilitating communication between parties with competing interests. Under his leadership, Omani diplomacy helped facilitate a ceasefire agreement between the United States and the Houthi movement, providing to a halt in attacks on international shipping in the Red Sea and U.S. military operations against Houthi targets, in addition to hosting negotiations between the United States and Iran that preceded the 2026 Iran war.

Early life

[edit]

Haitham is a son of Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur, son of Sultan Taimur bin Feisal, and Sayyida Shawana bint Hamud bin Ahmad Al Busaidi.[5][6] He has six brothers and two sisters: Talal, Qais, Asa'ad, Shihab, Adham, Faris, Amal, and Nawwal.[5] His brother Sayyid Asa'ad bin Tariq is the Deputy Prime Minister for Relations and International Cooperation Affairs and his brother Sayyid Shihab bin Tariq is the Deputy Prime Minister for Defense Affairs. His other four brothers are all businessmen and are not involved in politics.[7] His sister Sayyida Nawwal bint Tariq was married to Sultan Qaboos from 1976 to 1979.[5]

Education

[edit]

He completed his primary education at Saidiya School in Muscat and attended Brummana High School in Lebanon from 1969 to 1973.[8][9] He graduated from the Foreign Service Programme (FSP) at Pembroke College, Oxford in 1979.[10]

Marriage and children

[edit]

Haitham is married to Sayyida Ahad bint Abdullah bin Hamad Al Busaidi and together they have four children, including[11]

Political career

[edit]

A sports enthusiast, Haitham served as the first head of the Oman Football Association in the early 1980s.[18] He served as the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for Political Affairs from 1986 to 1994, and was later appointed as the Secretary General for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1994–2002).[19][20] He was later appointed as Minister of Heritage and Culture in March 2002 and later chaired the national census committee in 2003.[21] He usually represented Oman abroad in a diplomatic capacity;[22] in 2016, he personally welcomed the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall (later King Charles III and Queen Camilla) on a visit to Oman.[23]

Haitham is also chairman of the committee for Oman Vision 2040 along with being honorary president of the Oman Association for the Disabled.[24]

He was said to be the favoured candidate of Oman's merchant families with whom he is said to have links.[25]

Sultan of Oman

[edit]

After the death of Sultan Qaboos, Haitham's first cousin, on 10 January 2020, Haitham was named by the royal family and Qaboos's will as Sultan of Oman the next day and took an oath before an emergency session of the Council of Oman in Al-Bustan.[26] According to Omani state TV, Qaboos's letter was opened by the Defence Council and his identity was announced shortly thereafter.[27] As Sultan, he also held the positions of Prime Minister, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, Minister of Defence, Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Chairman of the Central Bank of Oman until 18 August 2020 when he appointed Badr bin Hamad Al Busaidi as foreign minister, Sultan bin Salem bin Saeed al-Habsi as minister of finance,[28][29] and Taimur bin Asa'ad Al Said as chairman of the Central Bank of Oman.[30]

In his first public speech, he promised to uphold his predecessor's peace-making foreign policy and to further develop Oman's economy.[23][31] Haitham bin Tariq is married and, unlike his predecessor, also has children, two sons and two daughters.[32][33]

Early in his reign he signed Oman to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.[34]

In October 2020, Oman was the first Gulf state to send an ambassador back to Syria after they downgraded or shut missions in Damascus in 2012 over attacks by the government there on protests at the start of the war.[35]

On 11 January 2021, the Sultan issued a royal decree creating a Crown Prince role, stating that Oman's crown prince will be the eldest son of the serving sultan. This made his eldest son, Sayyid Theyazin, the country's first crown prince,[36][37] and officially formalised the method of succession. He also amended the Basic Statute of Oman to reaffirm citizens' and residents' freedom of expression and opinion, removed a law that allowed the state to monitor private phone conversations, social media or postal correspondence, and granted the freedom to practice religious rites according to recognised customs provided it does not violate the public order or contradict morals.[38]

In April 2021 Oman introduced its value added tax (VAT), later than the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain but before Qatar and Kuwait.[39]

In May and June 2021, there were many protests against the Omani government over economic concerns such as unemployment and corruption.[40] Some protesters were arrested and then released.[41][40]

Haitham's visits to Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Kingdom have been seen as a move to maintain peaceful and cordial relations with Oman's important partners. His visit to Saudi Arabia was the first political visit by an Omani royal to the kingdom in over a decade.[42] During his visit to the United Kingdom, he met Queen Elizabeth II at Windsor Castle and was appointed an Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George.[43] In September 2022, following Elizabeth II's death, Haitham visited Buckingham Palace to offer his condolences to King Charles III.[44]

He visited Tehran in May 2023 where he discussed regional diplomatic and security issues, two days after Muscat mediated a prisoner swap between Iran and Belgium.[45]

In 2023 the government approved a $5.2 billion investment fund, the Oman Future Fund, to support diversified economic growth and announced a new development project, Sultan Haitham City.[46] In 2023 a Tourism Law was promulgated.[47]

The Medium Term Fiscal Plan for 2020–2024 proposed greater fiscal sustainability. Oman's overall fiscal deficit averaged 12.8% of gross domestic product from 2015–2020, while the budget deficit reached approximately 3.6% in 2021. Oman enjoyed a budget surplus of approximately 5% of GDP in 2022 – the country's first surplus since 2013.[48]

Oman's long-term sovereign credit rating changed from junk status to the investment grade of BB+ in 2024.[49] In 2025 Moody's upgraded Oman's long-term issuer and senior unsecured ratings to "Baa3" from "Ba1", due to expectations of continued improvement in debt ratios and resilience to lower oil prices.[50]

During the Twelve-Day War, in a call with President Masoud Pezeshkian, Sultan Haitham emphasised the need for de-escalation from both sides and a return to negotiations to halt the ongoing conflict and its catastrophic repercussions.[51]

In May 2025 Oman mediated a ceasefire between the US and Houthi forces.[52]

In 2025 Oman become the first country in the Gulf to impose a personal income tax. Oman will impose a 5% tax on taxable income for individuals earning over 42,000 Omani rials ($109,091) per year starting from 2028.[53] The tax will apply to about 1% of the population. Officials said that the tax was intended to promote equity and reduce the country's dependence on oil and gas, which made up around 70 per cent of the state revenues last year.[54] Revenue estimates for the new tax stand at less than 0.5% of GDP.[55]

On 9 March 2026 Sultan Haitham was the first Arab leader to congratulate Iran's new supreme leader, Mojtaba Khamenei, underscoring Muscat's continued commitment to maintaining positive relations with Tehran.[56]

Following the 2026 Iran war and the rise in crude oil prices, the rises meant Oman was projected to run a surplus of as much as $3 billion in 2026 if spending keeps to budget. That in turn would usefully eat into the country’s $38 billion in public debt, nearly 36% of GDP but already well down from the coronavirus pandemic-era high of 68% of GDP.[57]

Titles, styles, and honours

[edit]
Styles of
Sultan Haitham bin Tariq Al Said
Image
Reference styleHis Majesty
Alternative styleYour Majesty

Titles and styles

[edit]
  • 11 October 1955 – 10 January 2020: His Highness Sayyid Haitham bin Tariq bin Taimur Al Said
  • 11 January 2020 – present: His Majesty The Sultan of Oman

National honours

[edit]

Foreign honours

[edit]

Ancestry

[edit]
Ancestors of Haitham bin Tariq
8. Sultan Faisal bin Turki Al Busaidi
4. Sultan Taimur bin Faisal Al Said
2. Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur Al Said
5. Kamile İlgiray
1. Sultan Haitham bin Tariq Al Said
6. Sayyid Hamud bin Ahmad Al Busaidi
3. Sayyida Shawana bint Hamud Al Busaidi

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Arabic: هَيْثَم بْن طَارِق آل سَعِيد, romanised: Hayṯam bin Ṭāriq ʾĀl Saʿīd

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Valeri, Marc (21 January 2020). "Oman's new sultan faces mammoth challenges". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  2. ↑ "Oman's new ruler Haitham bin Tariq promises good ties with all nations". Arab News. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  3. ↑ "Cabinet of Ministers". Oman News Agency. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  4. ↑ "Royal Decree No. 11/2002 appointing a Minister of Heritage and Culture". Royal Gazette (in Arabic). 14 February 2002. Archived from the original on 4 December 2025. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
  5. 1 2 3 Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World Volume II Africa & the Middle East. p. 107. ISBN 0850110297.
  6. ↑ "Mansour bin Zayed offers condolences on death of Shawanna Al -Busaidiyah". Emirates News Agency. 14 June 2018. Archived from the original on 8 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  7. ↑ Peterson, John E. (2024). Oman's Transformation After 1970. Brill. p. 113. ISBN 978-9-004-69701-0. Archived from the original on 13 January 2025. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  8. ↑ "Biography: Education of His Majesty the Sultan". Ministry of Information. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  9. ↑ VIBRANTlab. "Ambassador of the Sultanate of Oman to Lebanon visits Brummana High School". Brummana High School. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 6 September 2025.
  10. ↑ "Haitham bin Tariq appointed new ruler of Oman". Arab News. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  11. ↑ "Oman's Sultan Haitham: A role model of public service". Arab News. 10 July 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  12. ↑ "Sultan's eldest son will become Oman's crown prince, new decree says". Arab News. 13 January 2021. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  13. ↑ "Oldest son of Oman's sultan becomes country's first crown prince". Al Jazeera. 12 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  14. ↑ "Theyazin Bin Haitham: Oman crown prince marries Meyyan Bint Shihab". 16 November 2021. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  15. ↑ Elgebaly, Sondos (2 January 2025). "Oman's Crown Prince delights the nation by announcing his engagement". Harpers Bazaar Arabia (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 20 January 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  16. ↑ Elgebaly, Sondos (23 April 2025). "Oman's Crown Prince Sayyid Theyazin bin Haitham Al Said to wed this week: Here's everything we know so far". Villa88. Archived from the original on 31 May 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  17. ↑ Elgebaly, Sondos (13 December 2023). "Mr. Belarab bin Haitham, son of the Sultan of Oman, gives birth to his first child". Harpers Bazaar Arabia (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  18. ↑ "New Oman ruler chosen by agreement, or secret letter". France 24. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  19. ↑ Oman, Ministry of Legal Affairs (1986). Royal Decree No. 2/86. Official Gazette.
  20. ↑ Oman, Ministry of Legal Affairs (1994). Royal Decree No. 110/94. Official Gazette.
  21. ↑ Valeri, Marc (2009). Oman: Politics and Society in the Qaboos State. C. Hurst. pp. 97, 124. ISBN 978-1-85065-933-4. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  22. ↑ "Haitham bin Tariq appointed new ruler of Oman". Arab News. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  23. 1 2 "Oman's new ruler Haitham bin Tariq promises good ties with all nations". Arab News. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  24. ↑ "The New Sultan of Oman: Haitham Bin Tariq Al Said". gulfnews.com. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  25. ↑ "Oman After Qaboos:A National and Regional Void". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 30 March 2026.
  26. ↑ "Sultan Haitham Bin Tariq Al Said succeeds Sultan Qaboos of Oman". gulfnews.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  27. ↑ "Oman names culture minister as successor to Sultan Qaboos". AP NEWS. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  28. ↑ "Oman transfers powers from Sultan's remit in government revamp". Reuters. 18 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020 – via uk.reuters.com.
  29. ↑ "Haitham bin Tariq sworn in as Oman's new sultan". Al Jazeera. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2026.
  30. ↑ "CBO welcomes His Highness Sayyid Taimur bin Asa'ad bin Tariq Al Said". www.cbo.gov.om. Central Bank of Oman. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  31. ↑ Hubbard, Ben (11 January 2020). "Oman's New Sultan Vows to Continue Country's Peacemaking Path". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  32. ↑ "Oman's new ruler chosen to provide continuity". Reuters. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2026.
  33. ↑ "Who is the new Sultan of Oman?". Tehran Times. 13 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  34. ↑ "100 Days In, Sultan Haitham Charts a New Course for Oman". Archived from the original on 14 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  35. ↑ "Oman becomes first Gulf state to reinstate ambassador in Syria". Archived from the original on 11 August 2025. Retrieved 7 August 2025.
  36. ↑ "Sultan's eldest son will become Oman's crown prince, new decree says". Arab News. 13 January 2021. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  37. ↑ Observer, Oman (11 January 2021). "Insights into Royal Decrees 6/2021 and 7/2021". Oman Observer. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
  38. ↑ "Oman's Sultan Haitham guarantees freedom of expression". The National. 15 January 2021. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  39. ↑ "Oman Gets Economic Policymaking Right – For Now". Archived from the original on 8 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  40. 1 2 "Oman's New Sultan Sees First Labor Protests". Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  41. ↑ "'Controlling the situation': Oman leader quickly quells protests". Archived from the original on 3 March 2025. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
  42. 1 2 "Sultan Haitham in Saudi Arabia in first visit by Omani leader in over a decade". gulfnews.com. 11 July 2021. Archived from the original on 5 December 2025. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  43. ↑ "Queen Elizabeth hosts Sultan of Oman at Windsor Castle". The National. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  44. ↑ "Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral: Arab Royals Pay Their Respects Ahead of The Ceremony". Harper's Bazaar. 19 September 2022. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  45. ↑ Oman's Sultan in Iran for talks on diplomatic, security issues
  46. ↑ "Oman Gets Economic Policymaking Right – For Now". Archived from the original on 8 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  47. ↑ "The new Tourism Law allows for tourism sector development". omanobserver.om. 23 October 2023. Archived from the original on 10 April 2026. Retrieved 30 March 2026.
  48. ↑ "Oman Gets Economic Policymaking Right – For Now". Archived from the original on 8 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  49. ↑ "Oman's Bid to Attract Investment". Archived from the original on 16 February 2025. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
  50. ↑ Moody's lifts Oman to investment grade, citing stronger debt metrics
  51. ↑ "H M, Iranian President discuss de-escalation amid Israeli attacks". Archived from the original on 17 June 2025. Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  52. ↑ Oman says it mediated ceasefire between US, Yemen's Houthis
  53. ↑ "Oman moves to become first Gulf state to impose personal income tax". Archived from the original on 9 July 2025. Retrieved 22 July 2025.
  54. ↑ "The First Income Tax in the Persian Gulf Signals a Changing Economic Reality". Archived from the original on 19 August 2025. Retrieved 22 July 2025.
  55. ↑ "The Taxman Cometh to the Gulf". Archived from the original on 12 November 2025. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  56. ↑ "Iran War Tests Oman's Foreign Policy". The Arab Gulf States Institute. 13 March 2026. Archived from the original on 17 April 2026. Retrieved 30 March 2026.
  57. ↑ Oman in the War
  58. 1 2 3 4 "History: A renewed renaissance". Oman 2040 (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  59. ↑ "The Omani Orders Awarded to His Majesty Sultan Haitham bin Tariq". Ministry of Information. Archived from the original on 6 December 2025. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
  60. 1 2 "Orders Awarded to His Majesty Sultan Haitham bin Tariq". Oman Info. Ministry of Information. Archived from the original on 6 December 2025. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
  61. ↑ "Bahraini King holds talks with Sultan of Oman". Emirates News Agency. 25 October 2022. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  62. ↑ The Royal Watcher [@saadsalman719] (3 December 2024). "King Philippe has appointed The Sultan of Oman to be a Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold" (Tweet) – via X (formerly Twitter).
  63. ↑ "His Majesty the Sultan, Egyptian President exchange decorations". Times of Oman. 21 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  64. ↑ "Jordan's King Abdullah in Oman, Exchange Medals With Sultan Haitham". Al Bawaba. 5 October 2022. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  65. ↑ "Oman News". Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  66. ↑ "HM the Sultan and Emir of Kuwait exchange orders, mementos". Times of Oman. 6 February 2024. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  67. ↑ "His Majesty hosts an official dinner in honour of Lebanese President". Times of Oman. 9 December 2025. Archived from the original on 9 December 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2026.
  68. ↑ Lahoud arrives in Oman
  69. ↑ "H M Sultan Haitham's visit bolsters Oman-Dutch ties". Muscat Daily. 15 April 2025. Archived from the original on 16 April 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025.
  70. ↑ "His Majesty, Emir of Qatar exchange honours". Times of Oman. 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  71. ↑ Press, Europa (30 October 2025). "El Gobierno otorga la Orden de Isabel la Católica al sultán de Omán y a varios miembros del ejecutivo omaní". www.europapress.es. Archived from the original on 30 October 2025. Retrieved 30 October 2025.
  72. ↑ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 30 October 2025.
  73. ↑ "His Majesty Sultan Haitham bin Tarik and His Excellency President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan exchanged prestigious medals at the Presidential Complex in Ankara". The Arabian Stories. 28 November 2024. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  74. ↑ "UAE President, the Sultan of Oman exchange medals and gifts". wam. 27 September 2022. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  75. ↑ AGENCY (ONA), OMAN NEWS (2020). "H-M-Sultan". Oman News Agency. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  76. ↑ AGENCY (ONA), OMAN NEWS (16 December 2021). "Queen Elizabeth II confers on HM the Sultan honorary Knight Grand Cross". Oman Observer. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
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