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Declaration of independence

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A declaration of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence",[1] though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis. Unofficial and symbolic declarations of independence can also be used to make a political statement like "A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace" by John Perry Barlow in 1996.

List of declarations of independence

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State Declaration Date Association SignatoriesFirst recognizing state(s)
Image AlgeriaDeclaration of 1 November 1954 November 1, 1954Image AlgeriaAlgerian WarImage French Algeria
Image AlbaniaAlbanian Declaration of Independence November 28, 1912Image Ottoman EmpireAssembly of VlorëImage Austria-Hungary
Ambazonia AmbazoniaAmbazonian Declaration of Independence October 1, 2017Image CameroonSouthern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front
Image ArmeniaDeclaration of Independence of Armenia May 28, 1918Image TDFRArmenian National Congress (1917), Armenian Revolutionary FederationImage Ottoman Empire
Image Armenia Declaration of State Sovereignty of Armenia August 23, 1990 Image Soviet Union Levon Ter-Petrosyan and Supreme Council of Armenia secretary Ara Sahakian Image Lithuania
Image Artsakh Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic September 2, 1991 Image Soviet Union Nagorno-Karabakh Regional and Shahumyan District Councils of People's Deputies of the Azerbaijan SSR
Image Azawad Azawadi Declaration of Independence April 6, 2012 Image Mali National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
Image Azerbaijan Declaration of Independence of Azerbaijan May 28, 1918 Image TDFR Azerbaijani National CouncilImage Ottoman Empire
Image Azerbaijan Act on Restoration of State Independence of Azerbaijan October 18, 1991 Image Soviet Union Supreme Council of Azerbaijan Image Turkey
Image BangladeshProclamation of Bangladeshi Independence 1947 August 15, 1947 Image United Kingdom Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh Image United Kingdom
Image BangladeshProclamation of Bangladeshi Independence March 26, 1971 Image United Kingdom Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh Image India
Image Belarus Third Constituent Charter March 25, 1918 Image Russian SFSR Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
 Belarus Announcement of the Declaration of Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia July 31, 1920 Image Poland Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Byelorussia, trade unions Image Russian SFSR
Image Belarus Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic July 27, 1990 Image Soviet Union Supreme Soviet of the BSSR Image Turkey
Image BelgiumBelgian Declaration of Independence October 4, 1830Image NetherlandsProvisional Government of Belgium
Image Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnian Declaration of Independence March 1, 1992Image YugoslaviaImage Bulgaria
Image BougainvilleBougainville Declaration of Independence May 1990Image Papua New GuineaBougainville Interim Government
Image BrazilDeclaration of the Independence of Brazil September 7, 1822Image PortugalPedro I of BrazilImage United States
Image BulgariaBulgarian Declaration of Independence September 22, 1908Image Ottoman EmpireFerdinand of Bulgaria and the Government of BulgariaImage Russia
Image BurmaBurmese Declaration of Independence January 4, 1948Image United Kingdom
Image CataloniaDeclaration of the Catalan Republic as a state of the Iberian Federation April 14, 1931Image SpainFrancesc Macià, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
Image CataloniaDeclaration of the Catalan state within the Federal Republic of Spain October 6, 1934Image SpainLluís Companys, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
Image CataloniaDeclaration from the representatives of Catalonia as the Catalan Republic October 27, 2017Image Spain
Image Central America
(present-day:
Image Costa Rica
Image El Salvador
Image Guatemala
Image Honduras
Image Nicaragua)		 Act of Independence of Central America September 15, 1821Image Spain
Image ChileChilean Declaration of Independence February 12, 1818Image SpainNational CongressImage Portugal
Image ColombiaColombian Declaration of Independence July 20, 1810Image Spain
Image ComorosComorian Declaration of Independence July 6, 1975Image FranceImage Guinea
Image CrimeaDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea March 11, 2014Image UkraineSupreme Council of CrimeaImage Russia
Image CroatiaDeclaration of the Establishment of the Sovereign and Independent Republic of Croatia June 25, 1991Image YugoslaviaImage Iceland
Image CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovak Declaration of Independence October 18, 1918Image Austria-HungaryCzechoslovak National CouncilImage United States
Image CzechoslovakiaMartin Declaration October 30, 1918Image Austria-HungarySlovak National CouncilImage France
Image Dominican RepublicDominican Act of Independence (1844) February 27, 1844Image HaitiImage United Kingdom
Image Dominican RepublicDominican Act of Independence (1863) August 16, 1863Image SpainImage Spain
Image East TimorEast Timorese declaration of independence November 28, 1975Image PortugalImage Morocco
Image EgyptUnilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence February 28, 1922Image United KingdomUnilateral grant of independence by the British governmentImage United Kingdom
Image EstoniaEstonian Declaration of Independence February 24, 1918Image Germany
Image Russia		Estonian Salvation CommitteeImage Finland
Image EstoniaEstonian Reconfirmation of Independence August 20, 1991Image Soviet UnionCongress of EstoniaImage Iceland (reconfirmed earlier recognition)
Image FinlandFinnish Declaration of Independence December 6, 1917Image RussiaParliament of FinlandImage Russian SFSR
Image First Mexican Empire
(present-day Image Mexico)		Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
(real independence)[clarification needed]		 September 28, 1821Image SpainSupreme Provisional Governmental BoardImage United Kingdom[2]
Image FloridaFlorida's Constitution of 1861 January 10, 1861Image United StatesFlorida State Legislature
Image GaliciaDeclaration of the Republic of Galicia June 27, 1931Image Spain
Image Georgia, Democratic Republic ofGeorgian Declaration of Independence, 1918 May 26, 1918Image TDFRGeorgian National CouncilImage Germany
Image Georgia, Republic ofAct of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia April 9, 1991[3]Image Soviet UnionSupreme Council of the Republic of GeorgiaImage  Switzerland
Image Georgia, State ofGeorgia's secession declaration January 29, 1861Image United States
Image GreeceGreek Declaration of Independence January 15, 1822Image Ottoman EmpireFirst National AssemblyImage Haiti
Image Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau Declaration of Independence September 24, 1973Image Portugal
Image HaitiHaitian Declaration of Independence January 1, 1804Image FranceJean-Jacques DessalinesImage France[4]
Image HungaryHungarian Declaration of Independence April 14, 1849Image Habsburgs
Image IcelandIcelandic Declaration of Independence June 17, 1944Image DenmarkImage United States
Image India Indian Rebellion of 1857 May 10, 1857 Image United Kingdom Mughal Empire
Image IndiaDeclaration of the Independence of India January 26, 1930Image United Kingdom
Image India Declaration of Independence August 15, 1947 Image United Kingdom
Image IndonesiaProclamation of Indonesian Independence August 17, 1945Image NetherlandsSukarno & Mohammad HattaImage Kingdom of Egypt[5]
Image IraqIraq Declaration of Independence October 3, 1932Image United KingdomImage United Kingdom
Image IrelandProclamation of the Irish Republic April 24, 1916Image United KingdomProvisional Government of the Irish Republic
Image Irish RepublicIrish Declaration of Independence January 21, 1919Image United KingdomDáil ÉireannImage Russian SFSR
Image IsraelIsraeli Declaration of Independence May 14, 1948Image United KingdomJewish People's CouncilImage United States
Image KatangaKatangan Declaration of Independence[citation needed] July 11, 1960Image Congo-Léopoldville
Image KazakhstanOn the State Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan December 16, 1991Image Soviet Union Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Kazakhstan Image Turkey
Image KoreaKorean Declaration of Independence March 1, 1919Image JapanProvisional Government of the Republic of KoreaImage China
Image KosovaProclamation of the Republic of Kosova September 22, 1992Image FR YugoslaviaAssembly of KosovoImage Albania
Image KosovoKosovo declaration of independence February 17, 2008Image Serbia
Image UN Administration		"Democratically elected leaders of our people"[a]Image Costa Rica
Image LatviaLatvian Declaration of Independence November 18, 1918Image Germany
Image Russian SFSR		 People's Council of LatviaImage Russian SFSR
Image LatviaOn the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia May 4, 1990Image Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the Latvian SSRImage Iceland
Image LiberiaLiberian Declaration of Independence July 16, 1847Image American Colonization SocietyLiberian Constitutional ConventionImage United Kingdom
Image LithuaniaAct of Independence of Lithuania February 16, 1918Image Germany
Image Russian SFSR		 Council of LithuaniaImage Germany
Image LithuaniaAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania March 11, 1990Image Soviet UnionSupreme Council of LithuaniaImage Iceland
Image Lower CanadaDeclaration of Independence of Lower Canada February 22, 1838Image United KingdomRobert Nelson
Image MacedoniaIndependence of the Republic of Macedonia September 8, 1991Image YugoslaviaImage Bulgaria
Image Malaya
(present-day Malaysia)		Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 August 31, 1957Image United KingdomTunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of MalaysiaImage United Kingdom[6]
Image MississippiA Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union January 9, 1861Image United States
Image MoldovaDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova August 27, 1991Image Soviet UnionParliament of the Republic of MoldovaImage Romania
Image MontenegroMontenegro declaration of independence June 3, 2006Image Serbia and MontenegroAssembly of the Republic of MontenegroImage Iceland
Image MoroccoMoroccan Declaration of Independence January 11, 1944Image FranceIstiqlal Party
Image NetherlandsAct of Abjuration July 26, 1581Image SpainUnion of Utrecht
Image Northern America
(present-day Image Mexico)		Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America November 6, 1813Image SpainCongress of Anáhuac
Image Northern CyprusDeclaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus November 15, 1983Image CyprusImage Turkey
Image Northern EpirusNorthern Epirote Declaration of Independence February 28, 1914Image AlbaniaProvisional Government of Northern Epirus
Image North SolomonsDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of the North Solomons September 1, 1975Image Territory of Papua and New Guinea (Australia)UnknownImage Vatican City
Image Norway
(Kingdom of Norway)		Declaration of Independence of Norway (short after,[clarification needed] sovereign under the Swedish monarchy), and the Constitution of Norway May 17, 1814Image Denmark-Norway
(As of Treaty of Kiel)		Norwegian Constituent Assembly
Image North KoreaNational Liberation Day of Korea September 9, 1948Image JapanKim Il SungImage Soviet Union
Image PadaniaPadanian Declaration of Independence September 15, 1996Image Italy
Image PakistanLahore Resolution March 24, 1940Image United KingdomMuslim League (Pakistan)
Image PalestinePalestinian Declaration of Independence November 15, 1988Image Palestinian territories

Image Jordan (claimed the West Bank until 1988)

 Palestinian National CouncilImage Arab League
Image PeruAct of the Declaration of Independence of Peru July 28, 1821Image SpainJosé de San MartínImage Argentina
Panama PanamaSecession of Panama from Colombia November 3, 1903Image Colombia Image United States
Image PhilippinesPhilippine Declaration of Independence June 12, 1898Image Spain 98 representatives of Dictatorial Government of the Philippines[7] (ratified on September 29, 1898, by the Malolos Congress[8])
Image Provinces of the Río de la Plata
(present-day:
Image Argentina
Image Bolivia
Image Uruguay)		Argentine Declaration of Independence July 9, 1816Image SpainCongress of TucumánImage Hawaii
Image RhodesiaRhodesian Unilateral Declaration of Independence November 11, 1965Image United KingdomIan Smith and the rest of the Cabinet
Image RomaniaRomanian Declaration of Independence May 22, 1877Image Ottoman EmpireKing Carol I
Image RussiaBelovezha Accords December 12, 1991Image Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
Image Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicBir Lehlou Declaration February 27, 1976Image Spanish SaharaPolisario FrontImage Madagascar
Image ScotlandDeclaration of Arbroath April 6, 1320Image EnglandScottish leaders
Image SerbiaThe Proclamation (Proglašenije/Проглашеније) February 1809Image Ottoman EmpireKarađorđe Petrović and Serbian MPs
Image SingaporeProclamation of Singapore[9] August 9, 1965Image Malaysia[10][11]Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of SingaporeImage United Kingdom[12]
Image SlovakiaSlovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak Nation July 17, 1992Image CzechoslovakiaSlovak National CouncilImage Czech Republic
Image SloveniaSlovenian Declaration of Independence June 25, 1991Image YugoslaviaImage Croatia
Image SomalilandSomaliland Declaration of Independence May 18, 1991Image Somalia
Image South KoreaNational Liberation Day of Korea August 15, 1948Image JapanSyngman RheeImage United States
Image South CarolinaDeclaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union December 24, 1860Image United StatesSouth Carolinians in Charleston
Image Sri LankaDeclaration of Independence of Sri Lanka (Then known as "Ceylon") February 4, 1948Image United Kingdom
Arab Kingdom of Syria SyriaSyrian Declaration of Independence (1920) March 8, 1920Image Ottoman EmpireSyrian National Congress
Image SyriaSyrian Declaration of Independence (1941) September 27, 1941Image Free FranceGeorges CatrouxImage United Kingdom
Image Egypt
Image Texas, Republic ofTexas Declaration of Independence March 2, 1836Image MexicoImage France
Image Texas, State ofA Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union February 1, 1861Image United StatesTexas Legislature
Image TibetTibet's Declaration of Independence February 13, 1913Image China13th Dalai LamaImage Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Image TurkmenistanAbout Independence and Bases of a State System of Turkmenistan October 27, 1991Image Soviet UnionnoneImage Turkey
Image UkraineIV Universal January 22, 1918Image Russian SFSRCentral Council of Ukraine
Image UkraineDeclaration of Independence of Ukraine August 24, 1991Image Soviet UnionVerkhovna RadaImage Canada
Image Poland[13]
Image United StatesUnited States Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776[b]Image Great BritainSecond Continental CongressImage Morocco[16][17]
Image United Tribes of New ZealandDeclaration of the Independence of New Zealand October 28, 1835—Māori chiefsImage United Kingdom[18]
Image UzbekistanDeclaration of Independence August 31, 1991Image Soviet UnionSupreme Council of UzbekistanImage Turkey
Image VenezuelaVenezuelan Declaration of Independence July 5, 1811Image SpainNational Congress
Image VermontVermont Declaration of Independence January 15, 1777Image United States

Image British Quebec
Image VietnamProclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam September 2, 1945Image FranceHồ Chí MinhImage China
Democratic Republic of the Yorubaland Declaration of Independence April 13, 2024Image Nigeria Modupe Onitiri-Abiola and Ominira Yoruba Group

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ↑ No reference in original Albanian text to the declaration being the work of the Assembly of Kosovo. The language used in the declaration differs from that employed in acts of the Assembly of Kosovo in that the first paragraph commences with the phrase "We, the democratically-elected leaders of our people . . .", whereas acts of the Assembly of Kosovo employ the third person singular. Moreover, the procedure employed in relation to the declaration differed from that employed by the Assembly of Kosovo for the adoption of legislation. It was not transmitted to the Special Representative of the Secretary General and was not published in the Official Gazette of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo. As the practice shows, he would have been under a duty to take action with regard to acts of the Assembly of Kosovo which he considered to be ultra vires. Taking all factors together, the authors of the declaration of independence of 17 February 2008 did not act as one of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government within the Constitutional Framework, but rather as persons who acted together in their capacity as representatives of the people of Kosovo outside the framework of the interim administration.
  2. ↑ The Continental Congress voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence on July 2.[14] Versions were not printed until July 4 and later, while the signatories did not sign the Matlack declaration until August.[15]

References

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  1. ↑ "Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo" (PDF). Icj-cij.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-21. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Inglaterra: primer país que reconoce la Independencia de México" (in Spanish). Memoria Politica de México. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  3. ↑ "Act of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia". Archived from the original on 2020-05-20.
  4. ↑ Ashmore, Harry S., ed. (1961). "Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11". p. 85. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  5. ↑ Mohy, Mahmoud (2017-10-30). "EXCLUSIVE: Indonesian President's Advisor: 'We have a long history with Egypt'". Egypt Today. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  6. ↑ Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957
  7. ↑ Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2004. p. 162. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
  8. ↑ Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
  9. ↑ Singapore was forced out of Malaysia by the Malaysian Parliament, and the proclamations were then agreed by the two governments. See the Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965 Archived 2017-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (1985 Rev. Ed.) and the Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
  10. ↑ Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state
  11. ↑ Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state/proclamation of singapore
  12. ↑ Singapore Act 1966
  13. ↑ Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition by Roman Solchanyk, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0742510182 (page 100)
    Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol 30, 1992, University of British Columbia Press, 1993, ISBN 9780774804387 (page 371)
    Szporluk, Roman (24 February 2020). Russia, Ukraine and the Breakup of the Soviet Union. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9543-0., p. 355
  14. ↑ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875. Library of Congress. 2003. pp. 506–507. Tuesday July 2, 1776 [...] Resolved, That these United colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are absolved of all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.
  15. ↑ Coelho, Chris (2013), Timothy Matlack, Scribe of the Declaration of Independence, McFarland, p. 61, ISBN 978-0-7864-7443-1
  16. ↑ US-Morocco Diplomatic Relationship Archived 2015-08-12 at the Wayback Machine. Official Web site of the Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco to the United States of America.
  17. ↑ Elalamy, Moulay Hafid (November 21, 2013). "Why Morocco Matters To The U.S." Forbes. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  18. ↑ The Lord Glenelg (25 May 1836), "EXTRACT of a DESPATCH from Lord GLENELG to Major-General Sir RICHARD BOURKE, New South Wales", written at London, Documents > Declaration of Independence, Christchurch: Waitangi Associates, retrieved 22 May 2010
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