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Ayislan

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Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
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Ísland (is)
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Babban fashewar dutsin Eyjafjallajökull a cikin 2010
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Tutar Ayislan.
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Tarihin taswirar Iceland a shekarar (1890)
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ƙankaara

Iceland (/ˈaɪslənd/;Icelandic: Ísland, ko a Hausa Ayislan) wani tsibiri ne kuma ƙasa maicin gashin kanta a arewacin kogin Atlantik, tsakanin Greenland da Norway, yanayin ta da al'adunta duka daidai ne da na Turawa da gabashi ta wajen Greenland Iceland nada fadin ƙasar kilomita dari uku da daya 301 ada kuma bangaren yammacin Norway Iceland nada fadin kasar kilomita 1001. Akwai kimanin mutane 329,100 a kasar ta Iceland. Gabadaya Iceland nada fadin kasar da yakai 103,000. Babban birnin ƙasar Ayislan Reykyavik ne.

Hotuna

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tarihi

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Tarihi Babban labarin: Tarihin Iceland Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Icelandic. 874-1262: daidaitawa da Commonwealth Duba kuma: Zauren Iceland, Commonwealth Icelandic, da Kiristanci na Iceland [1] Ingólfr Arnarson ( Icelandic ta zamani: Ingólfur Arnarson), ɗan ƙasar Scandinavia na farko na dindindin[2] Bisa ga duka Landnámabók da Íslendingabók, sufaye da aka fi sani da Papar sun rayu a Iceland kafin mazaunan Scandinavian su zo, mai yiwuwa mambobi ne na Hiberno-Scottish manufa. [3] Wani binciken binciken kayan tarihi ya gano rugujewar wani gida a Hafnir da ke tsibirin Reykjanes. Dangantakar Carbon ya nuna cewa an yi watsi da shi a wani lokaci tsakanin 770 zuwa 880.,[4] A cikin 2016, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano wani dogon gida a Stöðvarfjörður wanda zai iya zuwa a farkon 800.[5]

Iceland a matsayin mallaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsakanin Zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

istorical Dictionary of the Vikings By Katherine Holman p252 scarecrow press 2003 discusses that both Scottish and Irish slaves were in [6] Duba kuma: Shekarun Sturlungs[7] Ƙasar Icelandic Commonwealth, wadda aka kafa a karni na 10, ta fuskanci rikici na cikin gida a lokacin Age of Sturlungs (c. 1220-1264).[8] Wannan lokacin ya kasance alamar tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin sarakuna, musamman dangin Sturlung, wanda ya haifar da raunin tsarin siyasar Commonwealth.[9] Ƙarshen gwagwarmayar ya haifar da rattaba hannu kan Tsohon Alkawari (Gamli sáttmáli) a cikin 1262-1264, wanda ya kawo Iceland karkashin mulkin Norwegian.[10] [11] Ƙalubalen muhalli sun ƙara yin tasiri ga al'ummar Icelandic na zamanin da.[12] Bayan sasantawa, kusan 25-40% na Iceland an yi dazuzzuka. Duk da haka, an yi saran gandun daji mai yawa yayin da aka share dazuzzukan don katako, itacen wuta, da kuma samar da filin kiwo ga dabbobi. Wannan ya haifar da zaizayar ƙasa mai yawa da raguwar ƙasar noma, abin da ya ƙara ta'azzara wahalhalun da ake samu na dorewar noma a cikin yanayi mara kyau na Iceland[13] . Noma a wannan lokacin ya kasance makiyaya ne, inda aka fi mai da hankali kan dabbobi kamar tumaki, da shanu, da dawakai. Yayin da mazaunan farko suka noma sha'ir, yanayin sanyi daga ƙarni na 12 ya sa noman hatsi ya ƙara wahala. Zamanin Kankara ya fara kusan shekara 1300 yana kawo sanyi da yanayi maras tabbas, yana kara rage lokutan girma da kuma sa noma ya zama kalubale.[[14] [15] [16] Mutuwar Baƙar fata ta isa Iceland a cikin 1402-1404 da kuma a cikin 1494-1495, tare da mummunan tasiri.[17]An kiyasta barkewar cutar ta farko ta kashe kashi 50-60% na yawan jama’a, yayin da na biyu ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kashi 30-50%. Wadannan annoba sun yi matukar rage yawan jama'a, suna haifar da rugujewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.[18] [19] Masanin binciken Viking na Sweden Garɗar Svavarsson shine farkon wanda ya kewaya Iceland a cikin 870 kuma ya tabbatar da cewa tsibiri ne.[20] Ya zauna a lokacin sanyi kuma ya gina gida a Húsavik. Garɗar ya tafi da rani na gaba, amma ɗaya daga cikin mutanensa, Náttfari, ya yanke shawarar zama tare da bayi biyu. Náttfari ya zauna a ƙasar da ake kira Náttfaravík a yanzu, kuma shi da bayinsa sun zama na farko da aka rubuta na dindindin a ƙasar Iceland.[21] [22] [23] [24] Basaraken Norwegian-Norse Ingólfr Arnarson ya gina gidansa a Reykjavík na yanzu a cikin 874. Ingólfr ya biyo bayan sauran ƙaura da yawa daga ƙaura, galibi 'yan Scandinavia da abubuwan burgewa, yawancinsu Irish ne ko kuma Scotland.[25] A shekara ta 930, an yi iƙirarin mafi yawan ƙasar noma a tsibirin; da Althing, an ƙaddamar da taron majalisa da shari'a don tsara tsarin Commonwealth na Icelandic. Rashin filin noma shi ma ya zama ƙwarin guiwa ga zama na Greenland wanda ya fara daga 986.[26] Zamanin wadannan matsugunai na farko ya zo daidai da lokacin zafi na Medieval, lokacin da yanayin zafi ya yi kama da na farkon karni na 20.[27] A wannan lokacin, kusan kashi 25% na Iceland an rufe su da gandun daji, idan aka kwatanta da 1% a halin yanzu.[28] Kiristanci ya karɓi yarjejeniya ta kusan 999-1000, kodayake maguzanci na Norse ya ci gaba a tsakanin sassan jama'a na wasu shekaru bayan.[29] [30] [31] tare da ɓawon teku yana yaduwa kuma ya haifar da sabon ɓawon burodi. Wannan bangare na kogin tsakiyar teku yana sama da tulun alkyabba, wanda ya sa Iceland ta kasance ƙarƙashin teku (sama da saman teku). Dutsen yana nuna iyaka tsakanin farantin Eurasian da Plate na Arewacin Amurka, kuma Iceland an halicce ta ta hanyar tarwatsawa da haɓaka ta hanyar volcanism tare da tudun.[32] [33] [34] Yawancin fjords suna nuna bakin tekun Iceland na tsawon kilomita 4,970 (3,090 mi), wanda kuma shine inda mafi yawan ƙauyuka suke. Cikin tsibirin, tsaunukan Iceland, sanyi ne da ba za a iya rayuwa ba, na yashi, tsaunuka, da filayen lava. Manyan garuruwan su ne babban birnin Reykjavík, tare da ɓangarorinsa na Kópavogur, Hafnarfjörður, da Garɗabær, kusa da Reykjanesbær inda filin jirgin saman ƙasa da ƙasa yake, da kuma garin Akureyri a arewacin Iceland. Tsibirin Grímsey da ke kan Arctic Circle ya ƙunshi mafi yawan mazaunin Iceland, yayin da Kolbeinsey ya ƙunshi mafi girman yanki na Iceland.[35]Iceland na da wuraren shakatawa na kasa guda uku: Vatnajökull National Park, Snæfellsjökull National Park, da Þingvellir National Park.[36] Ana daukar kasar a matsayin "mai karfi" wajen kare muhalli.[37] [38] [39] [40] [41]

Gyarawa da Zamani na Farko

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Duba kuma: Gyaran Icelandic, Keɓaɓɓen cinikin Danish a Iceland, da Moðuharɗindin [42] Ósvör, kwafin wani tsohon wurin kamun kifi a wajen Bolungarvík Kusan tsakiyar karni na 16, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gyaran Furotesta, Sarki Kirista na III na Denmark ya fara sanya Lutheranism a kan dukan batutuwansa. Jón Arason, bishop Katolika na ƙarshe na Iceland, da ’ya’yansa biyu aka fille kai a shekara ta 1550. Bayan haka, Iceland ta zama Lutheran a hukumance, kuma addinin Lutheran ya kasance babban addini.[43] [44] [45] [46] [47] Taswirar Iceland da Gerardus Mercator ya buga a farkon karni na 17[48] [49] A cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, Denmark ta sanya takunkumi mai tsauri akan Iceland. Bala'o'i, da suka haɗa da aman wuta da cututtuka, sun taimaka wajen rage yawan jama'a. A lokacin rani na 1627, Barbary Pirates sun aikata abubuwan da aka sani a cikin gida a matsayin Tushen Turkawa, inda aka kwashe daruruwan mazauna cikin bauta a Arewacin Afirka kuma aka kashe da dama; wannan shi ne kawai mamayewa a tarihin Iceland wanda ya sami raunuka.[50] [51] An kiyasta barkewar cutar sankara ta Iceland ta 1707-08 ta kashe kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu zuwa kashi uku na yawan jama'a.[52] [53] cikin 1783 dutsen mai aman wuta na Laki ya barke, tare da mummunar illa.[54] A cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan fashewar, wanda aka fi sani da Wahalar Hazo (Icelandan: Móðuharðindin), fiye da rabin dukan dabbobi a ƙasar sun mutu. Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al'ummar ƙasar sun yi fama da yunwa a cikin yunwar da ta[55]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ The History of Viking Iceland
  2. ↑ Iceland and the history
  3. ↑ Hvers vegna hefur Náttfara ekki verið hampað sem fyrsta landnámsmanninum?
  4. ↑ "The Icelandic Welfare State and the Conditions of Children"
  5. ↑ "Major Archeological Find in Iceland"
  6. ↑ Magnusson, M. (2003) The Vikings. Tempus
  7. ↑ "Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies"
  8. ↑ Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives
  9. ↑ "The History of Iceland (Gunnar Karlsson) – book review"
  10. ↑ Coroban, Costel (2018). Ideology and Power in Norway and Iceland, 1150-1250. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 9781527506268
  11. ↑ "Chapter 5 – Norse Explorers from Erik the Red to Leif Erikson – Canadian Explorers | the History of Canada"
  12. ↑ "What was farming like in medieval Iceland?"
  13. ↑ developer, M. Özgür NevresI am a software; University, a science enthusiast I. was graduated from the Istanbul Technical; past, Computer Engineering In the; Earth, I. worked at the Istanbul Technical University Science Center as a science instructor I. write about the planet; Website, Science on This; cats, ourplnt com I. am also an animal lover! I. take care of stray; Patreon, dogs This website's all income goes directly to our furry friends Please consider supporting me on; animals!, so I. can help more (3 April 2018). "
  14. ↑ Holland, Marika M.
  15. ↑ "Farmsteads and Agriculture"
  16. ↑ "The History of Iceland (Gunnar Karlsson) – book review"
  17. ↑ Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia
  18. ↑ "6th–10th century AD"
  19. ↑ Coroban, Costel (2018). Ideology and Power in Norway and Iceland, 1150-1250. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge
  20. ↑ The History of Viking Iceland
  21. ↑ Archived
  22. ↑ Hvers vegna hefur Náttfara ekki verið hampað sem fyrsta landnámsmanninum?
  23. ↑ "What was farming like in medieval Iceland?"
  24. ↑ "When a killer cloud hit Britain"
  25. ↑ Historical Dictionary of the Vikings By Katherine Holman p252 scarecrow press 2003 discusses that both Scottish and Irish slaves were in Iceland
  26. ↑ "Chapter 5 – Norse Explorers from Erik the Red to Leif Erikson – Canadian Explorers | the History of Canada"
  27. ↑ Magnusson, M. (2003) The Vikings. Tempus
  28. ↑ Magnusson, M. (2003) The Vikings. Tempus
  29. ↑ Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives
  30. ↑ "Iceland is growing new forests for the first time in 1,000 years - Our Planet"
  31. ↑ Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia
  32. ↑ Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.
  33. ↑ "Farmsteads and Agriculture"
  34. ↑ "6th–10th century AD"
  35. ↑ "Hvaða heimildir eru til um Tyrkjaránið?"
  36. ↑ Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800
  37. ↑ "Iceland: Milestones in Icelandic History"
  38. ↑ Ecological imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe, 900–1900
  39. ↑ Ecological imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe, 900–1900
  40. ↑ "How volcanoes can change the world"
  41. ↑ "For Iceland, an exodus of workers"
  42. ↑ "Vigdis Finnbogadottir, the world's first elected female president"
  43. ↑ "For Iceland, an exodus of workers"
  44. ↑ "Icelandic Roots | Post"
  45. ↑ "How volcanoes can change the world"
  46. ↑ Allies Study Post-War Security Etc
  47. ↑ Pathbreakers: Small European Countries Responding to Globalisation and Deglobalisation
  48. ↑ "History: British forces occupy Iceland"
  49. ↑ "Hversu há var Marshallaðstoðin sem Ísland fékk eftir seinni heimsstyrjöld?"
  50. ↑ "Hvaða heimildir eru til um Tyrkjaránið?"
  51. ↑ Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800
  52. ↑ "Iceland: Milestones in Icelandic History"
  53. ↑ "When a killer cloud hit Britain"
  54. ↑ "When a killer cloud hit Britain"
  55. ↑ "Icelandic Roots | Post"
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