Paolo Azzurri, Marek Schönherr, and Alessandro Tricoli
Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 025007 (2021)
Events with vector bosons produced in association with jets have been studied at hadron colliders and provide high-accuracy tests of the standard model. A good understanding of these processes is of paramount importance for precision measurements, including Higgs physics, and for searches for new physics. This review summarizes the theoretical achievements and the state of the art in the modeling of vector-boson-plus-jet physics. It also presents broad experimental results from the Fermilab Tevatron and the CERN LHC colliders and their comparison with the theory.
Jonathan A. Sobota, Yu He, and Zhi-Xun Shen
Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 025006 (2021)
Angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) has evolved into a precision probe of electronic structure in momentum space of novel quantum materials. This review of a rapidly expanding field summarizes the technical advances leading to an increasing resolution and understanding of quantum materials, including copper- and iron-based superconductors, low-dimensional systems, topological materials, heavy fermions, and many magnetic systems. ARPES is presented as an accessible tool well situated to make advances in our understanding of the electronic structure of novel quantum materials.
Alexandre Blais, Arne L. Grimsmo, S. M. Girvin, and Andreas Wallraff
Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 025005 (2021)
This review surveys the development over the last 15 years of circuit quantum electrodynamics, the nonlinear quantum optics of microwave electrical circuits. In analogy to cavity quantum electrodynamics, lasers are replaced by rf signal generators, optical cavities by superconducting resonators, and atoms by superconducting qubits. Circuit QED offers enhanced light-matter coupling in which strong quantum optical nonlinearities are observable at the level of individual photons. This new parameter regime leads to unique capabilities for fundamental studies in quantum optics, nearly ideal quantum-limited measurements, and quantum computation.
Mark S. Williamson et al.
Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 025004 (2021)
Emergent constraints (ECs) relate observables of the climate system to equivalent quantities simulated from Earth system models that are related to properties of the future climate. The uncertainties in projections of these properties may be reduced by constraining the modeled quantities to observables. The article examines how such relationships emerge from Earth system models, simple theories for how ECs can be derived from temporal variability in the climate system, and how ECs might be misinterpreted. A wide range of ECs discovered so far are presented as well as a framework for quantifying multiple sources of uncertainty in ECs. An outlook for reducing these uncertainties to quantify global environmental change is also given.
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